John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835….

Marshall emerged as the Federalist Party leader in Virginia and gained election as a U.S. Representative in 1798. While serving as Secretary of State near the end of Adams’ presidential term, Marshall received a nomination to serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He served as Chief Justice until 1835.

Marshall is best known for two important contributions to modern U.S. government. First, he established the power and prestige of the judiciary department, so that it could claim equal status with Congress and the Executive in a balanced government of separated powers.

Sir John Hubert Marshall CIE FBA (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilization.

judicial review

Sir John Hubert Marshall (19 March 1876 Chester – 17 August 1958 Guildford) was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He was responsible for the excavations that led to the discovery of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, two of the key city-sites of the Indus Civilisation.

Sahni was involved in the excavation of Kasia in 1905 and Rajgir in Bihar under John Marshall in January–February 1906. In September 1907, Sahni assisted Marshall in the excavation of a stupa at Rampurva in Champaran district. He also prepared a catalogue of archaeological ruins at Sarnath.

Rakhigarhi

Q. 4 What were the differences in the techniques adopted by Marshall and Wheeler in studying Harappan civilization ? Ans. Marshall tended to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site.

He did not produce any textual evidence in support of a great earthquake at Taxila. He did not allow the Indians to participate in excavations in their own homeland. It was also during his stints that lots of artefacts were lost.

Marshall tended to excavate along regular horizontal units measured uniformly throughout the mound ignoring the stratigraphy of the site. Wheelers recognized that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines.

Harappa was discovered by Dayaram Sahni and Mohenjo-Daro by Rakal das banerjee. John Marshall the head of Archaeological survey of India played an important role. Alexander Cunningham, the father of Indian archaeology was the first director of Archaeological survey of India.

R. D. Banerji

The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is made up of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. There are many seals to support the evidence of the Indus Valley Gods. Some seals show animals which resemble the two gods, Shiva and Rudra. Other seals depict a tree which the Indus Valley believed to be the tree of life.

From 4,000 to 3,000 years ago, other people descended from the Indus Valley civilization mixed with people of steppe-pastoralist ancestry, who likely brought horses and the Indo-European languages now spoken on the subcontinent, to form a group that has been called Ancestral North Indians.

They represent a unique mixture of ancestry related to ancient Iranians and ancestry related to Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers. Their genetic similarity to the Rakhigarhi individual makes it likely that these were migrants from the IVC.

Proto-Dravidian (the ancestor of all known Dravidian languages) was probly spoken by the Early Harappans, say c. 3200-2600 BCE. Its roots — which are beyond reconstruction — of course go back to the origins of human language, as is the case with any other language: every language is equally old in this sense.