Henri Fayol

Classical management theory is based on the belief that workers only have physical and economic needs It does not take into account social needs or job satisfaction, but instead advocates a specialization of labor, centralized leadership and decision-making, and profit maximization

Answer: The most important deterrent of classical theory is CERTAINTY

Since the early days of sociology, scholars have developed theories that attempt to explain what deviance and crime mean to society These theories can be grouped according to the three major sociological paradigms: functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory

Key Takeaways

• Deviant behavior may violate formally-enacted rules or informal social norms
• Formal deviance includes criminal violation of formally-enacted laws
• Informal deviance refers to violations of informal social norms, which are norms that have not been codified into law

In sociology, deviance describes an action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule (eg, crime), as well as informal violations of social norms (eg, rejecting folkways and mores)

Positive deviance involves overconformity to norms Positive deviants idealize group norms Positive deviance can be as disruptive and hard to manage as negative deviance Reactions to deviants are usually negative and involve attempts to change or control the deviant behavior

An act can be deviant but not criminal ie breaking social, but not legal, rules Examples, of this include acts that are seen as deviant when they occur in a certain context, such as a male manager wearing a dress to the office or someone talking loudly in the middle of a concert

Positive Deviance (PD) refers to a behavioral and social change approach which is premised on the observation that in any context, certain individuals confronting similar challenges, constraints, and resource deprivations to their peers, will nonetheless employ uncommon but successful behaviors or strategies which

Positive Deviance Defined

• Feeding their children even when they had diarrhea
• Giving them multiple smaller meals rather than two big ones
• Adding ‘leftover’ sweet potato greens to meals
• Collecting small shrimp and crabs found in the paddy fields – rich in protein and minerals – and including them in their family’s diet

Émile Durkheim believed that deviance is a necessary part of a successful society and that it serves three functions: 1) it clarifies norms and increases conformity, 2) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and 3) it can help lead to positive social change and challenges to people’s

Deviance in the workplace can actually be a good thing, as long as it’s positive, say University of Michigan Business School researchers student Scott Sonenshein define positive deviance as “intentional behaviors that significantly depart from the norms of a referent group in honorable ways”

As we have noted, deviance is generally perceived to be disruptive in society It can weaken established social norms, and create division and disorder But it also has other functions which are not necessarily harmful and may actually be beneficial to society It is one way that social change occurs

Control theory stresses how weak bonds between the individuals and society free people to deviate or go against the norms, or the people who have weak ties would engage in crimes so they could benefit, or gain something that is to their own interest This is where strong bonds make deviance more costly

The key point is that what is considered deviant is determined by society and it changes over time Deviance is socially constructed when individuals and groups assign meaning to behaviors and over time the behavior is labeled as either acceptable or outside the norms and values of the members of the group or society

Émile Durkheim believed that deviance is a normal part of every society Whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances under which it occurs Considerations of certain behaviors as deviant also vary from one society to another and from one era to another within a given society

William Sheldon was an American psychologist practicing in the early to mid-1900s He spent his life observing the varieties of human bodies and came up with three types: ectomorphs, endomorphs, and mesomorphs