The idea that everything is made of atoms was pioneered by John Dalton (1766-1844) in a book he published in 1808. He is sometimes called the “father” of atomic theory, but judging from this photo on the right “grandfather” might be a better term.

Around 450 B.C., the Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the idea of the atom. However, the idea was essentially forgotten for more than 2000 years. In 1800, John Dalton re-introduced the atom. He provided evidence for atoms and developed atomic theory.

Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus first developed the concept of the atom in the 5th century B.C.E. However, since Aristotle and other prominent thinkers of the time strongly opposed their idea of the atom, their theory was overlooked and essentially buried until the 16th and 17th centuries.

John Dalton

Aristotle, one of the most influential people of his time, described all matter as being composed of the “four basic elements” fire, earth, air and water. All matter is composed of fire, wind, earth, and water! All matter is composed of tiny indivisible entities called atoms!

Aristotle’s philosophy stresses biology, instead of mathematics like Plato. He believed the world was made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species). Each individual has built-in patterns of development, which help it grow toward becoming a fully developed individual of its kind.

He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and science, he invented the field of formal logic, and he identified the various scientific disciplines and explored their relationships to each other. Aristotle was also a teacher and founded his own school in Athens, known as the Lyceum.

Plato was much a better philosopher than Aristotle but still Plato was a philosophical dwarf compared to Socrates , Pythagoras, Heraclitus , Parmenides and other Presocratics. know very little about philosophy. and so neither is better than the other, but are interwoven.

Aristotle rejected Plato’s theory of Forms but not the notion of form itself. For Aristotle, forms do not exist independently of things—every form is the form of some thing.

Aristotle concludes the Ethics with a discussion of the highest form of happiness: a life of intellectual contemplation. Since reason is what separates humanity from animals, its exercise leads man to the highest virtue.

1. Aristotle. The list of the greatest philosophers is incomplete without Aristotle. He was a Greek Philosophers and the founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school of philosophy and Aristotelian tradition.

Aristotle. Aristotle (384–322 BCE), who follows Socrates and Plato as the third member of the great triumvirate of ancient Greek philosophers, is arguably the most important thinker who ever lived.

Hegel

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science whose estimated IQ scores range from 205 to 225 by different measures.

Marilyn vos Savant

between 160 and 180

Christopher Michael Langan (born March 25, 1952) is an American horse rancher and autodidact who has been reported to score very highly on IQ tests. Langan’s IQ was estimated on ABC’s 20/20 to be between 195 and 210, and in 1999 he was described by some journalists as “the smartest man in America” or “in the world”.

160 IQ

160

155 IQ

Most people (about 68 percent) have an IQ between 85 and 115. Only a small fraction of people have a very low IQ (below 70) or a very high IQ (above 130). The average IQ in the United States is 98.

Most people fall within the 85 to 114 range. Any score over 140 is considered a high IQ. A score over 160 is considered a genius IQ.

166

A score of 116 or more is considered above average. A score of 130 or higher signals a high IQ. Membership in Mensa, the High IQ society, includes people who score in the top 2 percent, which is usually 132 or higher. Keep reading as we explore more about high IQ, what it means, and what it doesn’t mean.

An IQ score over 140 indicates that you’re a genius or nearly a genius, while 120 – 140 is classed as “very superior intelligence”. 110 – 119 is “superior intelligence”, while 90 – 109 is “normal or average intelligence”.

130 to 144: Moderately gifted. 145 to 159: Highly gifted. 160 to 179: Exceptionally gifted. 180 and up: Profoundly gifted.

Age. IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one longitudinal study, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at r=0.86 with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at r=0.96 with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13.