In 1837 Friedrich Froebel founded his own school and called it “kindergarten,” or the children’s garden. Prior to Froebel’s kindergarten, children under the age of 7 did not attend school.

athenian garden

The Lyceum was a school of unprecedented organized scientific inquiry and, In a sense, the first major centre to put forward the modern scientific method. It was from here, too, that Aristotle wrote extensively on a wide range of subjects including politics, metaphysics, ethics and logic.

The meeting location of Plato’s Academy was originally a public grove near the ancient city of Athens. Ultimately, the garden was left to the citizens of Athens for use as a gymnasium. The garden was surrounded by art, architecture, and nature. It was famously adorned with statues, sepulchers, temples, and olive trees.

One of the great Hellenistic critics of Plato and Aristotle, Epicurus, retired to his backyard in suburban Athens for a life of grumbling austerity. His school was called “The Garden”: a symbol of his independence, and a means of realising it.

city of Athens

Plato believed that it is only philosophers who should rule over the lands. Plato believed that only people who have been proven time and time again to make judgments that are in the best interests of society without clouding their judgment with personal interests should be fit to rule.

Who were Aristotle’s teachers and students? Aristotle’s most famous teacher was Plato (c. 428–c. 348 BCE), who himself had been a student of Socrates (c.

In his natural philosophy, Aristotle combines logic with observation to make general, causal claims. For example, in his biology, Aristotle uses the concept of species to make empirical claims about the functions and behavior of individual animals.

Antigone

Aristotle’s Theory of Universals is a classical solution to the Problem of Universals. Universals are the characteristics or qualities that ordinary objects or things have in common. They can be identified in the types, properties, or relations observed in the world.

To delve further into the details of his achievements, here is a list of the top 10 facts about Aristotle.

• Aristotle was an orphaned at a young age.
• He is the founder of zoology.
• He was a tutor to royalty.
• Aristotle’s life of romance.
• Aristotle contributed to the classification of animals.
• His contributions to Physics.

He wrote around 400 books covering almost all spheres of knowledge. A vast bulk of his works has been lost. The mention worthy among the extent works are: Physics, Education Ethics, Metaphysics, Politics, Metrological, Historian Animalium, Constitutions, Poetics and Rhetoric.

Aristotle could be considered the first popular literary critic. The principal source of our knowledge of Aristotle’s aesthetic and literary theory is the Poetics, but important supplementary information is found in other treatises, chiefly the Rhetoric, the Politics, and the Nicomachean Ethics.

Aristotle believes that the literature enhances teaching because information is portrayed in an objective manner to convey the right meaning without necessarily stimulating negative feelings in the students. Literature affects the society in two ways.

Aristotle on Tragedy He says that poetic mimesis is imitation of things as they could be, not as they are — for example, of universals and ideals — thus poetry is a more philosophical and exalted medium than history, which merely records what has actually happened.

▪ Imitation, according to Plato, is a mere. copy of life. It is a copy of copy. ▪ Aristotle says that imitation is not a mere. photostat copy of life or the world, but it is a recreated ideal copy of the world.

In Poetics, he wrote that drama (specifically tragedy) has to include 6 elements: plot, character, thought, diction, music, and spectacle.

Aristotle’s main contribution to criticism may well be the idea that poetry is after all an art with an object of its own, that it can be rationally understood and reduced to an intelligible set of rules (that is, it is an “art,” according to the definition in the Ethics).

The philosophical basis of formalism is often, and typically, traced to Kant, and indeed Kant is a kind of formalist; but a much earlier formalist doctrine is to be found in Aristotle. And indeed Aristotle identifies plot as the “formal cause” of a tragedy.

Catharsis, the purification or purgation of the emotions (especially pity and fear) primarily through art. Aristotle states that the purpose of tragedy is to arouse “terror and pity” and thereby effect the catharsis of these emotions. His exact meaning has been the subject of critical debate over the centuries.

The Chicago School of literary criticism

This formalization was inspired by the Poetics, but it is far more restrictive than anything Aristotle says. The only unity he insists upon, as we shall see, is the unity of action.

Modern literary theory gradually emerges in Europe during the nineteenth century. In one of the earliest developments of literary theory, German “higher criticism” subjected biblical texts to a radical historicizing that broke with traditional scriptural interpretation.

NEANDER

Geoffrey Chaucer

Henrik Ibsen

Aristotle

Jean-Jacques Rousseau