Mitochondria and chloroplasts involved energy conversion.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Mitochondria

A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

A single molecule of the sugar glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of a molecule of ATP. Therefore, it is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.

Cells contain only a small amount of ATP at any one time. They regenerate it from ADP as they need it, using energy stored in food.

ADP and ATP are like batteries because they store energy in the chemical bonds they contain. ADP has only two phosphate groups (and fewer bonds), so it’s like a par- tially charged battery. ATP has three phos- phate groups, so it is like a fully charged battery and has more bonds available for energy storage.

When a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule, ATP is produced. ADP contains some energy, but not as much as ATP. In this way, ADP is like a partially charged battery than can be fully charged by the addition of a phosphate group.

ATP is a charged battery and ADP is an uncharged battery.

In Summary: Glycolysis As ATP is used for energy, a phosphate group is detached, and ADP is produced. Energy derived from glucose catabolism is used to recharge ADP into ATP. Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy.

ATP is like a charged battery, while ADP is like a dead battery. ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi by the addition of water, releasing energy. ADP can be “recharged” to form ATP by the addition of energy, combining with Pi in a process that releases a molecule of water.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. Energy transfer used by all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known as ATPases.

In a process called cellular respiration, chemical energy in food is converted into chemical energy that the cell can use, and stores it in molecules of ATP. When the cell needs energy to do work, ATP loses its 3rd phosphate group, releasing energy stored in the bond that the cell can use to do work.

ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to perform cellular work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions.

Hydrolysis of ATP Removing or adding one phosphate group interconverts ATP to ADP or ADP to AMP. Breaking one phosphoanhydride bond releases 7.3 kcal/mol of energy.

That guitar uses 40 watts of power in one hour of working. That means that over an hour of playing your guitar, an amp will consume 40 W of electric power (or 144 000 joules of energy).

ATP synthase has two major structural parts known as F1 and Fo linked by the peripheral and central stalks. The F1 catalytic domain of the mitochondrial enzyme is a globular assembly of five different proteins, α, β, γ, δ and ε with the stoichiometry 3:3:1:1:1 [1].