In Summary: Post-TransCRIPTIONAL Control of Gene Expression This involves the removal of introns that do not code for protein. RNA stability is controlled by RNA-binding proteins (RPBs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). These RPBs and miRNAs bind to the 5′ UTR or the 3′ UTR of the RNA to increase or decrease RNA stability.

Regulation of Gene Expression. Bacteria have a simple general mechanism for coordinating the regulation of genes that encode products involved in a set of related processes. The gene cluster and promoter, plus additional sequences that function together in regulation are called an operon. The lactose operon of E.

Gene regulation is the process of turning genes on and off. During early development, cells begin to take on specific functions. Gene regulation is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including chemically modifying genes and using regulatory proteins to turn genes on or off.

Prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription. As eukaryotic cells evolved, the complexity of the control of gene expression increased. For example, with the evolution of eukaryotic cells came compartmentalization of important cellular components and cellular processes.

Stages of eukaryotic gene expression (any of which can be potentially regulated).

• Chromatin structure. Chromatin may be tightly compacted or loose and open.
• Transcription.
• Processing and export.
• mRNA stability.
• Translation.
• Protein processing.

Later stages of gene expression can also be regulated, including: RNA processing, such as splicing, capping, and poly-A tail addition. Messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and lifetime in the cytosol. Protein modifications, such as addition of chemical groups.

Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level. It occurs once the RNA polymerase has been attached to the gene’s promoter and is synthesizing the nucleotide sequence.

Environment Can Impact Phenotype Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal’s genes are expressed, which ultimately affects the animal’s phenotype.

While the sequence of DNA may not be affected by your environment, the way genes work—called gene expression—can. Environmental factors such as food, drugs, or exposure to toxins can cause epigenetic changes by altering the way molecules bind to DNA or changing the structure of proteins that DNA wraps around.

This article focused on the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature, nutrient supply, heavy metal, early stress and radiation, on DNA methylation change. As a matter of fact, it does not only change the DNA methylation in parents and offspring but also their behavior and phenotype.

Explanation: Environmental factors influence traits in plants and animals. These traits include things like weight, height, size, and color. If a child does not get proper nutrition, their height may be stunted as an adult.

Environmental factors include temperature, food, pollutants, population density, sound, light, and parasites. The diversity of environmental stresses that have been shown to cause an increase in asymmetry is probably not exclusive; many other kinds of stress might provide similar effects.

Genes, via their influences on morphology and physiology, create a framework within which the environment acts to shape the behavior of an individual animal. The environment can affect morphological and physiological development; in turn behavior develops as a result of that animal’s shape and internal workings.

One environmental influence on personality is culture. For instance, some cultures dictate that children should be reserved and speak only when spoken to. Another environmental influence is school. Since children spend the majority of their time in school, this can have a huge influence on their personality.

Environmental psychology is the study of transactions between individuals and their physical settings. The field defines the term environment broadly, encompassing natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments, and informational environments.

The environment can influence peoples’ behavior and motivation to act. The environment can influence mood. For example, the results of several research studies reveal that rooms with bright light, both natural and artificial, can improve health outcomes such as depression, agitation, and sleep.

Five Common Personality Determinants

• Brain. The brain is one of the most important personality determinants.
• Physical Characteristics. One of the most important factors in determining personality are an individual’s physical characteristics.
• Social Experiences.
• Culture and Religion.
• Heredity.

Research from twin studies suggests that some aspects of our personalities are largely controlled by genetics. The biological approach to personality has also identified areas and pathways within the brain, as well as various hormones and neurotransmitters, that are associated with the development of personality.

Psychologists say that our personality is mainly a result of four major determinants, i.e. Physical (Biological/Hereditary), Social (the community you are brought up in and your role in the community), Psychological (your behaviour, emotions and inner thought patterns) and Intellectual (your values and beliefs).

Personalities are characterized in terms of traits, which are relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behaviour across many situations. Personality traits such as introversion, friendliness, conscientiousness, honesty, and helpfulness are important because they help explain consistencies in behaviour.