Wheel Network: In the wheel network, the leader needs to act as the central point of communication for the entire group communication. That is why the wheel network is most effective for facilitating the emergence of a leader. In it, the leader is the only one who receives or gives communication to other members.

28) When ________ communication is used for transferring a message, the message becomes tangible and verifiable and it can be stored for an indefinite period. Explanation: C) Written communication is often tangible and verifiable.

Company meetings Company meetings are an example of upward communication because they encourage upper management and lower-level employees to interact with one another in person.

Information moving from lower-level employees to high-level employees is upward communication (also sometimes called vertical communication). For example, upward communication occurs when workers report to a supervisor or when team leaders report to a department manager.

Vertical communication is a type of flow of information between members of organisation who are on different levels of its hierarchy. It can be used both in a downward and upward direction.

Downward communication occurs when information and messages flow down through an organization’s formal chain of command or hierarchical structure. In other words, messages and orders start at the upper levels of the organizational hierarchy and move down toward the bottom levels.

Advantages of Using Top-Down Management

• Decreased Risk in Decision Making.
• Top Down Approach Leads to Strong Management.
• Minimizes Costs.
• Better Organization.
• Seen as Dictatorial.
• Limits Creativity.
• Response to Challenges can be Slowed Down.
• Increased Company-Wide Communication.

While the top-down approach focuses on breaking down a big problem into smaller and understandable chunks, the bottom-up approach first focuses on solving the smaller problems at the fundamental level and then integrating them into a whole and complete solution.

Listening for gist: you listen in order to understand the main idea of the text. Listening for specific information: you want to find out specific details, for example key words. Listening for detailed understanding: you want to understand all the information the text provides.