Which of the following is a defining characteristic of centralized organizations? Managers at the top retain a great deal of authority. If the supervisor can successfully get the employee to accept responsibility for carrying out a task, then the: employee and the supervisor become responsible for the work.

Which of the following is a benefit of understanding an organization chart? It enables supervisors to see a variety of responsibilities held by others at their level in the organization. Name the standard way used by businesspeople to draw the structure of an organization.

Planning is the management function of setting goals and determining how to meet them. For supervisors, this process includes figuring out what tasks the department needs to complete to achieve it’s goals, as well as how and when top perform those tasks.

Functional departmentalization- groups jobs that perform similar functional activities, such as finance, manufacturing, marketing, and human resources.

The primary forms of departmentalization are by function, process, product, market, customer, geographic area, and sometimes matrix (also called project organization). In many organizations, a combination of these forms is used.

Organizations can departmentalize along functional, geographic, product, and customer/market lines. Each method of departmentalization has its own distinct advantages based upon its personnel developing specializations related to the manner in which the organization is departmentalized.

: the process of departmentalizing an enterprise for gaining efficiency and coordination : the grouping of tasks into departments and subdepartments and delegating of authority for accomplishment of the tasks.

The most common way of process departmentalization is the division of the firm into business functions, such as purchasing, manufacturing, sales, accounting, etc.

Customer departmentalisation An example of an organisation that would benefit from such a structure is the banking industry [GALB 02]. For instance, higher income clients might require Internet and telephone banking, while retail customers require pointof-sale systems to interact with the bank’s system.

Product departmentalization organizes employees based on which product line or set of services they work with. Smaller businesses would use this type of structure only if they offer distinctly different products or services.

A project based organisation (PBO) is according to Davies and Hobday one in which the project is the primary unit for performing certain tasks. Especially service firms, for example engineering providers, film studios, consultancies, legal firms, marketing and advertising, are rather organised around projects.

 Non-project-based organizations are set up that will have an owner or manager oversee other managers or department heads. Meaning in a production based company there would be a maintenance manager, operations manager, transportation manager and security all reporting to one person.

Project-based workers (contractors) work for a specific number of weeks or months until the project is completed. They may or may not work at the client’s office or equipment. They can’t be told exactly how to perform her job or be told she can only work for you. And project-based workers can’t be called employees.

There are three types of project organizational structures: functional, matrix, and projectized. Each one is characterized by the amount of project manager authority, financial responsibility, resource availability, and full- or part-time status.

The three types of PMOs include:

• Supportive PMO. The Supportive PMO generally provides support in the form of on-demand expertise, templates, best practices, access to information and expertise on other projects, and the like.
• Controlling PMO.
• Directive PMO.

Types of Projects:

• (1) Manufacturing Projects:
• (2) Construction Projects:
• (3) Management Projects:
• (4) Research Projects:
• A project usually has three objectives:
• (1) Function or Performance:
• (2) Containment of Expenditure within Budget:
• (3) Time Scale is the Third Factor:

Major Types of Projects Based on Product of Project

A project categorization method is defined as the procedure to be applied in identifying the set of characteristics (or attributes) that will be used to: Place specific projects within specific categories, and. Classify projects within a category (or sub-category).

In practical application, project “size” is determined by multiple factors, but at the highest level, projects are typically viewed in standard sizing terms – large, medium and small. That said, as always, the devil is in the details, and what constitutes a “large, medium or small” project will vary.

A project is an economic activity with a well-defined objective with certain durations and gains to entrepreneurs hence project cannot take place at a single level it is classified majorly at 3 different levels. These are formulated by a government.

The triple constraint theory, also called the Iron Triangle in project management, defines the three elements (and their variations) as follows: Scope, time, budget.

Appropriate project finance candidates include greenfield projects and significant facility or production expansions. These projects do not rely on the typical export finance security package, which provide lenders recourse to a foreign government, financial institution or an established corporation.