The most effective malarial control measure is to interrupt the life cycle of the parasite by eliminating the obligate host, the Anopheles mosquito.

The incubation period in most cases varies from 7 to 30 days. The shorter periods are observed most frequently with P. falciparum and the longer ones with P. malariae.

Chloroquine is highly effective as schizonticidal against all species of malaria and is also gametocytocidal against all except P. falciparum. Thus, by administering chloroquine to all cases of fever, it is possible to sterilize the gametocytes and thus prevent the spread to mosquitoes.

The main current measures are focused on reduction of the contact between mosquitoes and humans, the destruction of larvae by environmental management and the use of larvicides or mosquito larvae predators, and destruction of adult mosquitoes by indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets.

To avoid being bitten:

1. Stay somewhere that has effective air conditioning and screening on doors and windows.
2. If you’re not sleeping in an air-conditioned room, sleep under an intact mosquito net that’s been treated with insecticide.
3. Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping environments.

Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the WHO regions of South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, and the Americas are also at risk. Some population groups are at considerably higher risk of contracting malaria, and developing severe disease, than others.

Foods that need to be avoided by malaria patients are:-

• A high fibre foods such as whole grain cereals, green leafy vegetables, thick skin fruits, etc.
• Fried foods, processed foods, junk foods, oily and spicy foods, pickle, etc.
• Excess intake of tea, coffee, cocoa and other caffeinated beverages, etc.

Fresh fruits and vegetables work wonders for malaria patients. According to studies, vitamin A and vitamin C rich fruits and vegetables like beetroot, carrot, papaya, sweet lime, grapes, berries, lemon, orange help to detoxify and boost the immunity of the patient suffering from malaria.

Vitamin C may have additional detrimental effects in malaria. Results from an experimental study have shown that concurrent administration of artemether and ascorbic acid compromised the rates of parasite clearance in P.

You must make sure to avoid fatty foods as much as possible. One must keep away from cold foods such as cucumber, watermelon, orange, banana and papaya. This can worsen your symptoms and make you feel more sick. Avoid pickles, spicy food, alcohol, carbonated beverages, coffee and tea.

The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills.

Signs and symptoms include:

• Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 F (40.5 C)
• Headache.
• Weakness and fatigue.
• Muscle aches.
• Sweating.
• Dry cough.
• Loss of appetite and weight loss.
• Stomach pain.

The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.

After the infection, bacteria reach the bloodstream from where it reaches different organs thus causing various symptoms. The gastrointestinal tract is more severely affected including liver, spleen, and muscles. Through bloodstream, bacteria can also reach gallbladder, lungs, and kidneys.

Beyond the brain, the lungs are the most affected organ in severe malaria. Lung dysfunction occurs in 20% of all cases of adults with falciparum [3] or vivax [27] severe malaria.

Malaria in humans leads to muscle weakness, muscle fatigue, respiratory distress, kidney and liver failure, and can lead to cardiac myopathies. These severe complications can also be linked to skeletal muscle damage, besides the more readily recognized effects on erythrocytes.

P. falciparum tends to be the species causing the most complications and has a high mortality if untreated. Cerebral malaria, a complication of P. falciparum malaria, has a 20% mortality rate even if treated.

Pulmonary edema is the most severe form of lung involvement. Increased alveolar capillary permeability leading to intravascular fluid loss into the lungs is the main pathophysiologic mechanism. This defines malaria as another cause of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Headache and muscle aches. Fatigue. Chest pain, breathing problems and cough. Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.

Its diverse causes include respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, concomitant pneumonia, and severe anemia. Patients with severe falciparum, vivax, and knowlesi malaria may develop acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS, often several days after antimalarial drug treatment.

As malaria parasites mature within blood cells, they become more recognisable by the immune system as intruders. But the parasites have evolved ways to evade the immune response, such as by producing sticky molecules on infected red blood cells that allow them to bury themselves in tiny blood vessels.

Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria, impairs the ability of key cells of the immune system to trigger an efficient immune response. This might explain why patients with malaria are susceptible to a wide range of other infections and fail to respond to several vaccines.

The mosquito-borne parasites that cause human malaria and make it particularly lethal have a unique ability to evade destruction by the body’s immune system, diminishing its ability to develop immunity and fight the infection, a Yale study has found.

Invasion by the malaria parasite, P. falciparum brings about extensive changes in the host red cells. These include loss of the normal discoid shape, increased rigidity of the membrane, elevated permeability to a wide variety of ionic and other species, and increased adhesiveness, most notably to endothelial surfaces.

Malaria parasites go through a series of steps on their way to causing disease in humans. When a malaria-carrying mosquito bites a human host, the malaria parasite enters the bloodstream, multiplies in the liver cells, and is then released back into the bloodstream, where it infects and destroys red blood cells.

Chromatin (part of the parasite nucleus) is usually round in shape and stains a deep red. Cytoplasm occurs in a number of forms, from a ring shape to a totally irregular shape. It always stains blue, although the shade of blue may vary between the malaria species.