A bit error ratio of 10-9 is often considered the minimum acceptable BER for telecommunication applications. Data communications have more stringent requirements where 10-13 is often considered minimum.
Q. What is a high-Q filter?
A band-pass filter can be characterized by its Q factor. The Q-factor is the reciprocal of the fractional bandwidth. A high-Q filter will have a narrow passband and a low-Q filter will have a wide passband. These are respectively referred to as narrow-band and wide-band filters.
Table of Contents
- Q. What is a high-Q filter?
- Q. What is quality factor in optical?
- Q. Why is the number of symbol errors always less than the number of bit errors?
- Q. Why do BPSK and QPSK have the same BER?
- Q. Which is better BPSK or QPSK?
- Q. What is the effect of increasing SNR on the BER?
- Q. What is BER in BPSK?
- Q. What is the equation of SNR?
Q. What is quality factor in optical?
The Q factor (quality factor) of a resonator is a measure of the strength of the damping of its oscillations, or for the relative linewidth. The term was originally developed for electronic circuits, e.g. LC circuits, and for microwave cavities, but later also became common in the context of optical resonators.
Q. Why is the number of symbol errors always less than the number of bit errors?
Common communication links such as 10 Mbit/s Ethernet (10Base-T), USB, and FireWire typically have a symbol rate slightly lower than the data bit rate, due to the overhead of extra non-data symbols used for self-synchronizing code and error detection.
Q. Why do BPSK and QPSK have the same BER?
QPSK can be regarded as a pair of orthogonal BPSK systems, i.e. the real > component is one BPSK system, the imaginary component is the second BPSK > system. Because they are orthogonal, they don’t interfere (to a good > approximation), hence the BER curves are largely equivalent. >
Q. Which is better BPSK or QPSK?
With BPSK, higher distance coverage can be achieved from the base station cellular cell or fixed station to the mobile subscribers compare to QPSK. QPSK has advantages of having double data rate compare to BPSK. This is due to support of two bits per carrier in QPSK compare to one bit per carrier in the case of BPSK.
Q. What is the effect of increasing SNR on the BER?
This is only possible with PAM and QAM as in PSK bit error rate increases to a large extent. After doing MATLAB coding and running the program, we obtained the following result: 465 Page 4 As the SNR increase, BER constantly decreases proving the system to be efficient.
Q. What is BER in BPSK?
The MATLAB program simulates binary phase shift keying (BPSK) at baseband through Monte Carlo method. The goal is to simulate bit error rate (BER) over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is varied to show the effect of SNR on BER.
Q. What is the equation of SNR?
However, if they are units of voltage, then you will multiply by 10. Furthermore, for power, SNR = 20 log (S ÷ N) and for voltage, SNR = 10 log (S ÷ N). Also, the resulting calculation is the SNR in decibels. For example, your measured noise value (N) is 2 microvolts, and your signal (S) is 300 millivolts.
