An atom is the smallest particle of an element, having the same chemical properties as the bulk element. The first accurate theory explaining the nature of matter was Dalton’s Atomic Theory: 1. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are indivisible and indestructible.

The five conditions of chemical change: color change, formation of a precipitate, formation of a gas, odor change, temperature change.

Electron

top quark

Protons are positively charged and the lightest subatomic particle.

neutrinos

Neutron

Thomson

Einstein’s theory was that that the particles from the pollen grains were being moved around because they were constantly crashing into millions of tinier molecules of water – molecules that were made of atoms.

Robert Brown

The diameter of the proton is about as much as a millimetre divided by a thousand billion (10^-15m). Physicists can not yet compare what`s larger: a quark, Higgs boson or an electron. “So we can say that an electron is lighter than a quark, but we can not say that it is smaller than quark” – concludes Prof. Wrochna.

It is one billion parsecs — one of the largest units of length commonly used. One Gigaparsec is about: 3.26 billion light-years.

In turn, the atom is the fundamental unit of matter…, that is, of an element. The number of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons in an atomic nucleus account for most of the mass of an atom. Each negatively charged electron that orbits a nucleus is about 1/2000th of the mass of a proton or neutron.

Brownian motion, also called Brownian movement, any of various physical phenomena in which some quantity is constantly undergoing small, random fluctuations. It was named for the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, the first to study such fluctuations (1827).

The major problem while trying to observe Brownian motion is that the bombardment of the colloidal particles is unequal due to the constant movement of the particles in the dispersion medium.

Larger particles can be moved by light, fast-moving molecules. Brownian motion is named after the botanist Robert Brown, who first observed this in 1827. He used a microscope to look at pollen grains moving randomly in water. This confirmed that atoms and molecules did exist, and provided evidence for particle theory .

This discovery served as great evidence of the existence of atoms and molecules. Understanding Brownian movement is crucial as it forms a base for the modern atomic theory. The kinetic theory of gases is also based on the Brownian motion model of particles.

Based on the research, the output analysis shows that geometric Brownian motion model is the prediction technique with high rate of accuracy. It is proven with forecast MAPE value ≤ 20%.

If the particles are small enough, however, then they can be seen vibrating under the microscope. If you want to observe Brownian motion, then you need to have suspended particles in water. Because of the small movement, it is necessary to use a high magnification, such as 400x.