sulfuric acid

Methanol, a liquid carrier of hydrogen, is a fuel employed in fuel cells which can be compared in its use to petrol or diesel fuels for internal-combustion engines.

Direct-methanol fuel cells or DMFCs are a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells in which methanol is used as the fuel. Their main advantage is the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions.

These cells use platinum-based catalysts to promote the electrode reactions, and a solid acidic proton conducting polymer electrolyte, often Du Pont’s Nafion® perfluorinated sulphonic acid-type materials. However, the present PEMFC powered vehicles are almost exclusively based on the use of pure hydrogen as the fuel.

Reversible fuel cells (RFCs), also called “unitized regenerative fuel cells,” are promising reversible electrochemical devices that can function efficiently under both fuel cell mode for electricity generation as well as electrolysis mode for hydrogen/chemicals production.

Reversible proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, also known as unitised regenerative fuel cells (URFCs), or reversible regenerative fuel cells, are RFC systems which use reversible PEM cells, where each cell is capable of operating both as a fuel cell and as an electrolyser.

Efficiency of leading fuel cell types According to the U.S. Department of Energy, fuel cells are generally between 40 and 60% energy efficient. This is higher than some other systems for energy generation. For example, the typical internal combustion engine of a car is about 25% energy efficient.

The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, Francis Thomas Bacon, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies. Alkaline fuel cells consume hydrogen and pure oxygen, to produce potable water, heat, and electricity.

There are disadvantages to using hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells in cars. These include: hydrogen is in the gas state at room temperature and pressure, so it is difficult to store in the car. fuel cells and electric motors are less durable than petrol engines and diesel engines, so they are not so long-lasting.

Scaling up green hydrogen will be essential to helping global economies to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and limit global temperature rises to 1.5C. Green hydrogen could supply up to 25% of the world’s energy needs by 2050 and become a US$10 trillion addressable market by 2050, according to Goldman Sachs.

Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) are one of the most developed technologies and have been used since the mid-1960s by NASA in the Apollo and space shuttle programs. The fuel cells on board these spacecraft provide electrical power for onboard systems, as well as drinking water.

The primary advantages of alkaline membrane fuel cells compared to traditional PEM fuel cells center on increased materials stability at high pH (allowing for non-precious catalysis), increased electrocatalytic activity in alkaline conditions (particularly for organic fuels such as methanol or ethanol), increased fuel …

Chemical Reactions in an Alkaline Fuel Cell. In AFCs, the oxygen reacts at the cathode to produce either hydroxide (OH-) or a carbonate ion (CO32-), depending upon the electrolyte composition. The ion travels through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen at the cathode.

Ammonia is an alkaline gas. Ammoniak ist ein alkalisches Gas. A pungent alkaline gas, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3).

Common household alkalis include indigestion tablets (antacids), bleach, toothpaste, baking powder, cream cleaner, oven cleaner, metal polish and alkaline batteries. Alkalis react with acids and neutralize them. Soap is alkaline in nature and is an effective cleansing agent.

A weak alkali is CHNaO3 – also known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda. When it dissociates in water it does not release many of its OH- ions. By contrast, a strong alkali like NaOH (sodium hydroxide or caustic soda) releases almost all of its OH- ions in solution.