Answer: The best description for a transgenic organism is when DNA from one organism is put into another, who will be the genetically modified organism. Explanation: Transgenic organisms have had artificial intervention in their genome (DNA), by introducing a different DNA fragment to their species.

The production of transgenic livestock has the opportunity to significantly improve human health, enhance nutrition, protect the environment, increase animal welfare, and decrease livestock disease.

Describe two applications of transgenic organisms. Genetic engineering in plants such as traits for resistance to frost, diseases, and some insects. Also, genetic engineering in animals can help scientists learn about diseases and cell growth. How is the cloning of genes different from the cloning of animals?

Genetically engineered plants are generated in a laboratory by altering the genetic-make-up, usually by adding one or more genes of a plant’s genome. The nucleus of the plant-cell is the target for the new transgenic DNA. The accelerated particles are penetrating both into the cell wall and membranes.

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacteria resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983.

Of the three gm food crops in India — brinjal, mustard and potato — awaiting permission for large-scale field trials and seed production, brinjal is the first one to get geac approval. Bt cotton is the only other gm crop permitted in the country.

In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex body that allows for commercial release of GM crops. In 2002, the GEAC had allowed the commercial release of Bt cotton. More than 95 per cent of the country’s cotton area has since then come under Bt cotton.

Heralded as a genetically modified crop with the potential to save millions of lives, Golden Rice has just been approved as safe for human and animal consumption by regulators in the Philippines.

However, a 2009 study concluded that beta-carotene from golden rice is effectively converted into vitamin A in humans and a 2012 study that fed 68 children ages 6 to 8 concluded that golden rice was as good as vitamin A supplements and better than the natural beta-carotene in spinach.

Unpredictable toxic by-products can also be created and over-expression can also increase the potential toxicity of Vitamin A in the form of transgenically expressed retinoic acid and can also exacerbate unintended metabolic effects as well as instability.

The cost of production, maintaining, and distributing Golden Rice is too expensive for the developing countries that need it. Since it is one of the most expensive solutions to fixing the vitamin A deficiency problem, developing countries often choose alternatives.

Bangladesh and the Philippines leading the pack Golden Rice, created 20 years ago and intended as an additional intervention to combat vitamin A deficiency, is closer to being released for cultivation and human consumption in the Philippines and Bangladesh.

In 2018, golden rice was approved for consumption in the US and Canada. India needs free, fair, non-hyphenated and questioning journalism even more as it faces multiple crises.

Biofortification increases the nutritional value in crops. Golden rice is genetically modified in order to produce beta carotene, which is not normally produced in rice. Beta carotene is convereted into Vitamin A when metabolized by the human body. We need Vitamin A for healthier skin, immune systems, and vision.