Lithium sodium and potassium all react vigorously with water. Alkali metals need to be stored under oil to prevent them reacting with the oxygen and water vapor in the air. The reactivity of the alkali metals increases down the group. Potassium reacts more vigorously than sodium and lithium is the least reactive.

Alkali metals are among the most reactive metals. This is due in part to their larger atomic radii and low ionization energies. They tend to donate their electrons in reactions and have an oxidation state of +1. All these characteristics can be attributed to these elements’ large atomic radii and weak metallic bonding.

1 : a soluble salt obtained from the ashes of plants and consisting largely of potassium or sodium carbonate broadly : a substance (such as a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal) having marked basic properties — compare base sense 6a.

The halogens are located on the left of the noble gases on the periodic table. Because the halogen elements have seven valence electrons, they only require one additional electron to form a full octet. This characteristic makes them more reactive than other non-metal groups.

Elements in group 17 include fluorine and chlorine. Group 1 of the periodic table includes hydrogen and the alkali metals. Because they have just one valence electron, group 1 elements are very reactive.

Noble gases are nonreactive, nonmetallic elements in group 18 of the periodic table. Noble gases are the least reactive of all elements. That’s because they have eight valence electrons, which fill their outer energy level.

The atoms of group 17 elements all have 7 electrons in the valence shell (highest energy level). And this is what people mean when they refer to an “atom” completing its “octet” of electrons (“oct” means 8). This is a stable electronic configuration.

Halogens are nonmetals in group 17 (or VII) of the periodic table. Down the group, atom size increases. As a diatomic molecule, fluorine has the weakest bond due to repulsion between electrons of the small atoms.

Halogens are highly reactive, and they can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities. This reactivity is due to high electronegativity and high effective nuclear charge. Halogens can gain an electron by reacting with atoms of other elements.

Chalcogens means ore forming, as most of the ores in the earth crust are either oxides or sulphides, group 16 elements are called chalcogens. for example: Oxygen is the most abundant of all the elements on earth. Oxygen forms about 46.6% by mass of earth’s crust.

Oxygen group element, also called chalcogen, any of the six chemical elements making up Group 16 (VIa) of the periodic classification—namely, oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and livermorium (Lv).

Halogens and Noble Gases Collectively, these p-block elements are known as the halogens. They have five electrons in their p orbital and are known for being extremely greedy for electrons. They like to steal electrons from metal elements to become 1- ions.

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Consequently there are six groups of p–block elements in the periodic table numbering from 13 to 18. Boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and helium head the groups. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2np1-6(except for He). The inner core of the electronic configuration may, however, differ.

The p-block elements are found on the right side of the periodic table. They include the boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and flourine families in addition to the noble gases. The noble gases have full p-orbital’s and are nonreactive.

Why are they called P block elements? The elements s-block and p-block are so-called because their valence electrons are either in an orbital s or p. These are often called Standard Components, in order to differentiate them from the sequence of transformation and internal transformation.

Helium is gas like other inert gases unlike solid s block metals. Helium is non- metal while s block contains only metals. Helium is much less reactive like other inert gases unlike s block metals which are most reactive. For all such reasons Helium is placed in inert gases group which lies in p block.

The D-block is a group of elements on the periodic table. They include the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are normally called post-transition metals because they are different from the transition metals. The d-block can hold up to ten (10) electrons at most.