1862

The Morrill Act of 1890 prohibited the distribution of money to states that made distinctions of race in admissions unless at least one land-grant college for African Americans, was established, and thus brought about the establishment of 19 public black colleges (Allen & Jewell, 2002; Provasnik et al., 2004; Redd.

This law gave states public lands provided the lands be sold or used for profit and the proceeds used to establish at least one college—hence, land grant colleges—that would teach agriculture and the mechanical arts. Thus the 1890 act led to the establishment of land grant institutions for African Americans.

Every historical era has its share of larger-than-life leaders, and the Cold War was no exception, beginning with the “Big Three”—Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin—who led the the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, respectively, through World War II and into the Cold War.

Aligned with Winston Churchill and Stalin, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union were the Big Three. They worked together in the WWII conferences, but after the war ended, the United States and Britain opposed the Soviet Union.

What was the Cold War? The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II. This hostility between the two superpowers was first given its name by George Orwell in an article published in 1945.

National leaders

• Harry S. Truman – 1945–1953.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953–1961.
• John F. Kennedy – 1961–1963.
• Lyndon B. Johnson – 1963–1968.
• Richard Nixon – 1969–1974.
• Gerald Ford – 1974–1977.
• Jimmy Carter – 1977–1981.
• Ronald Reagan – 1981–1989.

Most citizens were happy and living successful lives. At the same time, however, some were paranoid and feared Soviet invasion or nuclear war. Nuclear preparedness became a way of life, and many schools and businesses practiced duck-and-cover drills in case of an event.

The relationship between the USA and the USSR deteriorated after World War II. Stalin’s takeover of Eastern Europe was opposed by the US. The differing ideologies of communism and capitalism, dictatorship and democracy, separated the two countries when they emerged as competing superpowers.

• 1) USA. The United States has been the most powerful country in the world for close to a century; not surprisingly, 2014 saw no change.
• 2) Germany. Not since the 1940s has Germany played such an important role in world politics.
• 4) Japan.
• 5) Russia.
• 6) India.
• 7) Saudi Arabia.