In its charter, the NAACP promised to champion equal rights and eliminate racial prejudice, and to “advance the interest of colored citizens” in regard to voting rights, legal justice and educational and employment opportunities. A white lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the NAACP’s first president.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights.

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People use most effectively to challenge segregated law school admissions? Litigation.

1991

The last school that was desegregated was Cleveland High School in Cleveland, Mississippi. This happened in 2016. The order to desegregate this school came from a federal judge, after decades of struggle. This case originally started in 1965 by a fourth-grader.

It concerned the plans to integrate public schools in the United States following the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision. The ruling clarified the distinction between de jure and de facto segregation, confirming that segregation was allowed if it was not considered an explicit policy of each school district.

Milliken v. Bradley: Supreme Court Case Has Helped Keep Schools Segregated : NPR. Milliken v. Bradley: Supreme Court Case Has Helped Keep Schools Segregated Today, “inequality is endemic” in America’s public schools, according to a new report.

Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

5–4 decision for Milliken The Court noted that desegregation, “in the sense of dismantling a dual school system,” did not require “any particular racial balance in each ‘school, grade or classroom. ‘” The Court also emphasized the importance of local control over the operation of schools.

The decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka on May 17, 1954 is perhaps the most famous of all Supreme Court cases, as it started the process ending segregation. It overturned the equally far-reaching decision of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.

1954

1974

DeBaptiste moved to Detroit, Michigan in 1846. While Michigan was a free state, refugee slaves often preferred to continue to Canada to get beyond the reach of United States fugitive slave laws….

1970

That’s what happened in Little Rock, Arkansas in the fall of 1957. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent African American students from enrolling at Central High School. Topeka made segregation in public schools illegal. Governor Faubus defied this decision.

From 1950 to 1970 de facto racial segregation in the Metro Detroit area increased. Those white people who were more established economically moved out of the city to newly developed suburbs, which often were divided by class and income levels.

Charlotte operated under “freedom of choice” plans until the Supreme Court upheld Judge McMillan’s decision in Swann v. Mecklenburg 1971. The NAACP won the Swann case by producing evidence that Charlotte schools placed over 10,000 white and black students in schools that were not the closest to their homes.

First, the Supreme Court ruled segregated public schools were unconstitutional. In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of busing as a way to end racial segregation because African-American children were still attending segregated schools.

After a 1954 ruling declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional, a decades-long effort to integrate them through busing was often met with violent protests. The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark ruling in Brown v. …

The busing controversy accelerated white flight from Boston, with the schools losing almost 50 percent of their student body after 1975 and white students constituting less than 15 percent of the school population, down from more than 60 percent in 1970.

Segregation in its schools was still at a level of 94 in 1970. However, as seen above in figure 1, most orders were in place prior to 1990, and any impact would be expected to have appeared by that time. Table 1 shows that overall metropolitan levels of segregation were generally high across all regions in 1970.