The General Crisis is a term used by some historians to describe the period of widespread global conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe and in more recent historiography in the world at large.

1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king. 1643: Louis XIV is crowned King of France. 1644–1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.

The life of an average family in late 17th century England was simple, let laborious. Many lived in one or two room houses that were often crowded with large families, as well as lodgers that shared their living space.

School desks and privy walls presented their own problems, but the commonest writing surfaces were paper and vellum, or parchment. Paper in this period was invariably rag paper, less than perfectly smooth, and naturally absorbent.

The 1800s was a great century for advancements in medicine, social revolution and, of course, pens. The big thing in the 1800s was the fountain pen, which used a steel point and an inkwell. Before the steel pen points were invented, writers would use quills, reeds or still brushes as pens. …

Ink was used in Ancient Egypt for writing and drawing on papyrus from at least the 26th century BC. The traditional Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, carbon black, lampblack, and bone black pigment with a pestle and mortar, then pouring it into a ceramic dish to dry.

Phoenician alphabet

However, 99% of the worlds alphabets come from these 9 alphabets:

• Latin.
• Greek.
• Cyrillic.
• Armenian.
• Korean.
• Hebrew (only considered a pure alphabet when written with vowels)
• Arabic (debatable, given that even with vowels, it doesn’t represent all the sounds of every dialect)
• Braille.

Phoenicians

John Wales

St. Jerome

The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living in or near Egypt. * They based it on the idea developed by the Egyptians, but used their own specific symbols. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews, and the Phoenicians.

Leonhard Euler

Srinivasa Ramanujan, (born December 22, 1887, Erode, India—died April 26, 1920, Kumbakonam), Indian mathematician whose contributions to the theory of numbers include pioneering discoveries of the properties of the partition function..

Top 10 Indian Mathematicians & their inventions

• BRAHMAGUPTA.
• SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN.
• P.C. MAHALANOBIS.
• C.R. RAO.
• D.R. KAPREKAR.
• HARISH CHANDRA.
• SATYENDRA NATH BOSE.
• BHASKARA.

Srinivasa Ramanujan