Binchō-tan (Japanese: 備長炭), also called white charcoal or binchō-zumi, is a type of charcoal traditionally used in Japanese cooking. White charcoal is made by pyrolysing wood in a kiln at ~240°C for 120 hours, then raising the temperature to ~1000°C.

The functions of drawings can be very different: the drawing as decision; the drawing as explanation; the drawing as ritual; the drawing as investigation. In any case, they bear the individual “handwriting” of the respective artist.

The correct answer is d. There are two forms of charcoal that are popularly used. Charcoal is made out of wood and has little to do with clay. It has been used historically by artists, but it has not been a main medium of drawing or creating.

Manufactured in various densities—from vine charcoal for swift, light strokes to compressed charcoal for thick, intense marks—charcoal is useful for exploring light and contrast, and it enables artists to develop rich tonal values. At first, however, the material can be difficult to harness.

Charcoal drawing, use of charred sticks of wood to make finished drawings and preliminary studies. The main characteristic of charcoal as a medium is that, unless it is fixed by the application of some form of gum or resin, it is impermanent, easily erased or smudged.

You’ll find several types of charcoal at the hardware store, from briquettes and hardwood, lump charcoal to flavored briquettes, coconut shell charcoal and binchotan (an activated lump charcoal used in Japanese cooking).

Canson and Strathmore

Yes, you can use hairspray to set your Charcoal drawings. It will help bind the charcoal particles to the paper but will not help in the preservation of your artwork like a professional fixative.

2. Substitute of Fixative. Also, when a fixative spray is not available, hairspray can also be used as a substitute.

Alternately, you can use these sprays to change the finish of your print as well. Treating printed photos with inkjet fixative spray is an easy way to protect your photos from dust and make them waterproof and UV-proof. You won’t have to worry about them getting ruined by dust, rain, or UV light.

Fixative (drawing), a liquid usually sprayed over a finished piece of artwork to better preserve it and prevent smudging. Fixation (histology), a solution used to preserve or harden fresh tissue of cell specimens for microscopic examination.

Fixative: A medium such as a solution or spray that preserves specimens of tissues or cells. “Fixative” is derived from the Latin “figere” (to fix, fasten, make stable). Related English words include “fixture” (that which remains stable and in place) and “fixity” (state of being stable, steady, permanent).

Popular fixative solutions

• Phosphate buffered formalin.
• Formal calcium.
• Formal saline.
• Zinc formalin (unbuffered)
• Zenker’s fixative.
• Helly’s fixative.
• B-5 fixative.
• Bouin’s solution.

Simple Fixatives – These fixatives are made up of simple chemical compounds and take more time for the fixation of tissues. For example, Formalin, Picric acid, Mercuric oxide, osmic acid, Osmium tetroxide etc. For example, Susa fluid, Carnoy’s fluid, Bouin’s Fluid, Formal saline, buffered formalin etc.

Formaldehyde

An ideal fixative should: Preserve the tissue and cells as life-like as possible, without any shrinking or swelling and without distorting or dissolving cellular constituents. Stabilize and protect tissues and cells against the detrimental effects of subsequent processing and staining procedures.

Compound Fixatives• Microanatomical fixatives: These are used to preserve the anatomy of the tissue. • Cytological fixatives: These are used to fix intracellular structures. • Histochemical fixatives : These are used to demonstrate the chemical constituents of the cell.

Common methods of fixation include:

• Perfusion: Tissues can be perfused with fixative following exsanguination and saline perfusion to allow rapid fixation of entire organs.
• Immersion: Samples are immersed in fixative which then diffuses into and through the tissue or cell sample.

It was invented by French biologist Pol Bouin and is composed of picric acid, acetic acid and formaldehyde in an aqueous solution. Bouin’s fluid is especially useful for fixation of gastrointestinal tract biopsies because this fixative allows crisper and better nuclear staining than 10% neutral-buffered formalin.

Cytology Fixative covers cells with a tough, soluble film that protects cell morphology for microscopic examination. It is water and alcohol soluble, environmentally friendly and extremely economical.

Ethyl alcohol (95%) is the most commonly used fixative in cytology.

Cytological techniques are methods used in the study or manipulation of cells. These include methods used in cell biology to culture, track, phenotype, sort and screen cells in populations or tissues, and molecular methods to understand cellular function.

Air- dried smears have many advantages over wet-fixed smears during routine cytology. They may be post- fixed after rehydration in saline with a variety of fixatives, such as ethanol/acetic acid, 95% ethanol or alcoholic formalin.