quarks

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The diameter of the proton is about as much as a millimetre divided by a thousand billion (10^-15m). Physicists can not yet compare what`s larger: a quark, Higgs boson or an electron. “So we can say that an electron is lighter than a quark, but we can not say that it is smaller than quark” – concludes Prof. Wrochna.

Many of the largest particle accelerators aim to provide an understanding of hadrons – subatomic particles such as protons or neutrons that are made up of two or more particles called quarks. Quarks are among the smallest particles in the universe, and they carry only fractional electric charges.

One preon model started as an internal paper at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) around 1994. The momentum uncertainty of a preon (of whatever mass) confined to a box of this size is about 200 GeV/c, 50,000 times larger than the rest mass of an up-quark and 400,000 times larger than the rest mass of an electron.

Preons are hypothetical particles smaller than leptons and quarks that leptons and quarks are made out of. The protons and neutrons weren’t indivisible – they have quarks inside.

Thus, protons and neutrons are no more indivisible than atoms are; indeed, they contain still smaller particles, which are called quarks. Quarks are as small as or smaller than physicists can measure. Similar experiments show that electrons too are smaller than it is possible to measure.

diatomic hydrogen

The slowest quarks produce the spherical shape that physicists generally expected to see. Another shape — a flattened round form like a bagel — is sort of a cousin to the peanut shape with the high-momentum quarks.

Depending on the situation, sometimes the particle aspect is useful, and sometimes the wave aspect is. While photons don’t have a physical diameter, and can be treated as point particles, their quantum behavior gives them a probabilistic size. Under this definition there is no absolute “size” to a photon.

They have both wave and particle properties. the size of photons and electrons are same as mass,but electron is negatively charged particle and photon is the energy (quanta).

Atoms are so small that we cannot see them with our eyes (i.e., microscopic). To give you a feel for some sizes, these are approximate diameters of various atoms and particles: atom = 1 x 10-10 meters.

Electrons have a negative charge, which means only that they move away from other negatively charged matter (other electrons) and are drawn to positively charged matter (protons, often ones in the nuclei of atoms). But photons are units (packets of energy) of an electromagnetic wave. They are not bits of matter.

In physics, a photon is a bundle of electromagnetic energy. It is the basic unit that makes up all light. The photon is sometimes referred to as a “quantum” of electromagnetic energy. Photons are not thought to be made up of smaller particles.

Looking deeper into the mathematics, we find that their existence explains how charged objects feel a force from the field: they emit and absorb photons. So, one answer to the question “why do we have light?” is simply that photons must exist to preserve local gauge symmetry.

The energy of the electron is deposited at a point, just as if it was a particle. So while the electron propagates through space like a wave, it interacts at a point like a particle. This is known as wave-particle duality.

Atoms, electrons, protons and neutrons do behave like particles. But that’s not the whole story. Atoms, electrons, protons, and neutrons also behave like waves! In other words, matter is just like light in that it has both wave-like and particle-like properties.