Universal logic is the field of logic that studies the features common to all logical systems, aiming to be to logic what universal algebra is to algebra. A number of approaches to universal logic have been proposed since the twentieth century, using model theoretic, and categorical approaches.

The difference between Particular and Universal. When used as nouns, particular means a small individual part of something larger, whereas universal means a characteristic or property that particular things have in common.

The uni in universal means “one” so this word is all about “one for all and all for one.” If it’s universal, it applies to all cases. Like the universe itself, a universal emotion is one that every human can understand or relate to. The desire for your children to be safe and happy is universal.

A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because they perform all the Logic functions OR, AND and NOT.

Like the AND gate, the OR function can have any number of individual inputs. However, commercial available OR gates are available in 2, 3, or 4 inputs types. Additional inputs will require gates to be cascaded together for example.

8 AND gates

A 4-to-1 multiplexer consists four data input lines as D0 to D3, two select lines as S0 and S1 and a single output line Y. The select lines S0 and S1 select one of the four input lines to connect the output line.

We know that 8×1 Multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 selection lines and one output. Whereas, 16×1 Multiplexer has 16 data inputs, 4 selection lines and one output. So, we require two 8×1 Multiplexers in first stage in order to get the 16 data inputs.

2 Comments. 4 x 1 mux need 4 AND and 1 OR and 2 NOT gates. Replace OR gate with Invert-input NAND , then above circuit will be replace with 2 NOT and 5 NAND , then 2 NANDS for 2 NOT’s , then total 7 NAND gates required. output of 4*1 mux is A’B’ + A’B + AB’ + AB.

It is ‘a’ universal truth is the correct way to put it. Usage of ‘A’ or ‘An’ is dependent on the way the word next to it(following word) is PRONOUNCED, not written. If the word is starting with the sound of vowel then, one must use ‘an’. If its starting with the sound of a consonant then, one must use ‘A’.

All artistic creations, regardless of form, have the same potential to communicate with anyone. Art is one of the main means of communication that can connect the world and reflect on cultural, political, and social dynamics. Let art represent people, tradition, culture, freedom, understanding, unity, and harmony.