The first solid to form is called the primary solid and so, in this case, primary alpha is formed. As the alloy continues to cool the existing nucleation sites will grow and further nucleation sites will continue to form within the liquid parts of the mixture.

In titanium processing: Alpha and beta phases. The atoms of pure titanium align in the solid state in either a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, called the alpha (α) phase, or a body-centred cubic structure, called the beta (β) phase.

By definition, a primary phase is the first crystalline phase to appear on cooling a composition from the liquid state. In order to obtain the primary phase field of a given phase of interest, the first step is to determine all compounds that are in equilibrium with the phase of interest.

Alpha+beta alloys: Alpha+beta alloys have compositions of a mixture of α and β phases and may contain between 10% and 50% beta phase at room temperature. The most common type within this group alloy is Ti–6Al–4V*.

Grade 4

Alloy Types The alloys of titanium can be classified into three main groups as follows: • Alpha alloys- These are non-heat treatable and are generally very weldable. They have low to medium strength, good notch toughness, reasonably good ductility and have excellent properties at cryogenic temperatures.

Titanium can take single hits from high-caliber bullets, but it shatters and becomes penetrable with multiple hits from military-grade, armor piercing bullets. Pure titanium isn’t bulletproof, but certain titanium alloys are.

Titanium is highly valued in the metals industry for its high tensile strength, as well as its light weight, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures. It’s as strong as steel but 45% lighter, and twice as strong as aluminum but only 60% heavier.

Tungsten: The Strongest Metal on Earth Of all the metals, tungsten reigns supreme in terms of tensile strength. Coming in at an ultimate strength of 1510 Megapascals, tungsten is one of the toughest metals known to man.

The five strongest metals

• Osmium. One of the less well-known metals on the list, osmium is a bluish white colour, extremely tough and has a melting point of 3030 degrees celsius.
• Steel.
• Chromium.
• Titanium.
• Tungsten.

Scientists have calculated that wurtzite boron nitride and lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond) both have greater indentation strengths than diamond. Source: English Wikipedia. (PhysOrg.com) — Currently, diamond is regarded to be the hardest known material in the world.

Experiments using ballistic gelatine to mimic the human body suggest that a 9mm bullet from a handgun will penetrate about 60cm through human fat tissue. A fully jacketed bullet from an assault rifle, such as an AK-47, will go much further and can easily shoot through a brick wall.

How much fat do you need? When you’re on the Bulletproof Diet, you want healthy fats to make up between 50 and 70 percent of your total calories each day. Men should get at least 120 to 150 grams of fat (8 to 10 tablespoons) each day. Women should aim for between 90 to 120 grams (6 to 8 tablespoons) per day.

The website lists it about half way down. Their test showed that 14 inches of solid muscle couldn’t stop a bullet. Newton’s approximation of high-velocity impact depth gives us that the distance penetrated is equal to the length of the bullet divided times the density of the bullet divided by the density of your body.

There are legends of $20 gold coins and silver dollars (the latter especially during the days of the old West) that would deflect or flat out stop a bullet before the lead could travel into the person’s body. But modern bullets striking coins dead center, particularly powerful rounds like the . 357 or .

Hiding underwater can stop bullets from hitting you. All supersonic bullets (up to . 50-caliber) disintegrated in less than 3 feet (90 cm) of water, but slower velocity bullets, like pistol rounds, need up to 8 feet (2.4 m) of water to slow to non-lethal speeds.

The distance a bullet can go in water is directly proportionate to it’s case-length. Therefore, a cartridge like this: Will travel much further in water (typically about 2 to 3 feet), whereas a cartridge like this: Will not travel very far in water at all (typically 1 foot or less).