Clovis culture

Native American Art as an Expression of Culture Traditional forms of indigenous art—most of which are still practiced today—were a means for Native Americans to pay homage to their societal values and customs. They used a wide variety of mediums to signify some of their defining individual and cultural beliefs.

American Indian art

Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the United States, 78% of whom live outside reservations: California, Arizona and Oklahoma have the largest populations of Native Americans in the United States. Most Native Americans live in small-town or rural areas.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs uses a blood quantum definition—generally one-fourth Native American blood—and/or tribal membership to recognize an individual as Native American. However, each tribe has its own set of requirements—generally including a blood quantum—for membership (enrollment) of individuals.

However, because all populations are genetically diverse, and because there is a complex relation between ancestry, genetic makeup and phenotype, and because racial categories are based on subjective evaluations of the traits, there is no one gene by itself that can be used to determine a person’s race.

Africans

But because of how DNA is passed on, it is possible for two siblings to have some big differences in their ancestry at the DNA level. So yes, it is definitely possible for two siblings to get pretty different ancestry results from a DNA test. Even when they share the same parents….

Genetically, you actually carry more of your mother’s genes than your father’s. That’s because of little organelles that live within your cells, the mitochondria, which you only receive from your mother….

The DNA Relatives feature uses the length and number of identical segments to predict the relationship between people. Full siblings share approximately 50% of their DNA, while half-siblings share approximately 25% of their DNA.

Your AncestryDNA® results include information about your genetic ethnicity estimates and, if you’ve chosen to see your matches and be listed as a match, identifies potential DNA matches, linking you to others who have taken the AncestryDNA® test.

23andMe

One of the best ways to find members of your biological family is to take an AncestryDNA® test. Even if the person you’re trying to find hasn’t taken the test, a close relative of theirs may have. While you’re waiting for results, start a tree and begin documenting your biological family.

False Exclusions DNA Paternity tests can falsely exclude someone who is truly the child’s biological father for a variety of reasons. One major reason is simple human error.

Accuracy is very high when it comes to reading each of the hundreds of thousands of positions (or markers) in your DNA. With current technology, AncestryDNA has, on average, an accuracy rate of over 99 percent for each marker tested.

Researchers pawed through a host of scientific articles published around the world from 1950 through last year. The perceived “paternal discrepancy rate,” as it is called, ranges from less than 1 percent to as high as 30 percent in the various studies. Most researchers believe the rate is less than 10 percent….

It is possible for twins to have different fathers in a phenomenon called heteropaternal superfecundation, which occurs when two of a woman’s eggs are fertilized by sperm from two different men. Ordinarily, a woman becomes pregnant because one of her eggs has been fertilized by sperm….

While paternity fraud isn’t a crime, a man can take civil action against a woman to seek reimbursement of his child support. However, the court’s responsibility is to do what’s in the child’s best interests….

Paternity fraud A man who has been told by the mother that he is the father of her child can sue her if she is lying. He may also bring a civil action for paternity fraud against the mother to recover damages and any emotional distress….

A father’s refusal to sign a paternity statement will not get him off the hook for paying child support. If a father doesn’t voluntarily sign a paternity statement, the state will go to court to establish that he is the father and collect child support.

The most effective means of establishing paternity, is to have the court order a DNA test. If he refuses to the test, he could be held in contempt of court, which could result in heavy fines or criminal charges. Once the court establishes paternity, the father’s legal name will be added to the birth certificate….

If a mother refuses to determine paternity, a court can order a paternity test in order to gain visitation or custody rights, or to prove you are not the father in a situation where your name appears on the birth certificate.

The law cannot force a paternity test. This means that a potential father can refuse to submit to testing, even after the mother, child, and other potential fathers have been tested. However, the refusal is not without penalty….

Once parentage is established, the court can make orders for child support, health insurance, child custody, visitation (parenting time), name change, and reimbursement of pregnancy and birth expenses.