The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

Human organisms are not a closed system and thus the energy input and output of an the organism is not relevant to the second law of thermodynamics directly. No The Second Law of thermodynamics applies in the truest sense to closed systems. Living systems can not be closed systems or they are not living.

The second law states that a closed system will remain the same or become more disordered over time, i.e. its entropy will always increase. It is the reason a cup of tea loses heat to its surroundings, rather than being heated by the air around it.

NO ! The laws of thermodynamics (zeroth, first, second and third) are not mathematical in nature i.e. they can’t be proved mathematically. Any of these laws can’t be deduced from others i.e. they are fundamental in nature. They are considered as laws as they have never been violated.

There’s a catch, though: absolute zero is impossible to reach. The reason has to do with the amount of work necessary to remove heat from a substance, which increases substantially the colder you try to go. To reach zero kelvins, you would require an infinite amount of work.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a temperature of zero Kelvin (absolute zero) is equal to zero. Entropy, denoted by ‘S’, is a measure of the disorder/randomness in a closed system.

Entropy increases as temperature increases. An increase in temperature means that the particles of the substance have greater kinetic energy. The faster moving particles have more disorder than particles that are moving more slowly at a lower temperature.

Entropy always increases with Temperature. But, the Change in Entropy at lower temperature will be always higher than the Change in Entropy at higher temperature.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases. This is because entropy increases for heat transfer of energy from hot to cold (Figure 12.9).

The total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any process; it never decreases. For example, heat transfer cannot occur spontaneously from cold to hot, because entropy would decrease. Entropy is very different from energy.

So why was the early Universe so low-entropy? Because it didn’t have any black holes. An entropy of S = 1088 kB is still a tremendously large value, but it’s the entropy of the entire Universe, which is almost exclusively encoded in the leftover radiation (and, to a slightly lesser extent, neutrinos) from the Big Bang.

Entropy is basically the number of ways a system can be rearranged and have the same energy. Chaos implies an exponential dependence on initial conditions. Colloquially they can both mean “disorder” but in physics they have different meanings.

For the purposes of our little system, and most anything else, it is lost forever. The electricity made by our little turbine isn’t enough to keep the system going. It will eventually “wind down” and stop, because all of the energy will eventually become low-grade and useless.