The experimental results showed that there was a quantifiable relationship between the specific gravity of the aggregate and the water/cement ratio: the properties of the interface and the strength of the concrete were best when the specific gravity of the coarse aggregate was higher than that of the water and lower …

Specific Gravity Bulk specific gravity, which is measure of volume occupied in concrete including solid aggregate particles and voids between them, is required for proportioning of concrete mixture. In contrary, a lower specific gravity of sand will result in lower density of concrete.

Bulk SSD Specific Gravity: The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved by submerging in water for approximately 15 hours, to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the stated temperature.

The bulk or volume specific gravity is based upon the volume as a whole–i.e., the solid material with all included pores. The apparent specific gravity is based upon the volume of the solid material plus the volume of the sealed pores.

the ratio of the mass of a volume of the impermeable portion of a material at a stated temperature to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature.

Bulk density of any material is the weight of PARTIALLY COMPACTED material per unit volume. Bulk density of material is not equal to it’s specific gravity as specific gravity is weight of FULLY COMPACTED material per unit volume.

Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water. Since (at standard temperature and pressure) water has a density of 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is usually very close to the same value as density (but without any units).

Why it is important: Bulk density reflects the soil’s ability to function for structural support, water and solute movement, and soil aeration. Bulk densities above thresholds indicate impaired function (see table 1). Bulk density is also used to convert between weight and volume of soil.

The following formula is used to calculate the specific gravity of a material. Where SG = specific gravity, ρ = density of the material (kg/m3), ρW = density of water ( kg/m3). The reference density of water at 4oC (39oF) is used as the reference as these are the conditions of maximum density.

Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. If the relative density is exactly 1 then the densities are equal; that is, equal volumes of the two substances have the same mass.

The formula for specific gravity, given that the reference substance is water, is the density of the object divided by the density of the water.

Calculating Mass From Specific Gravity In the imperial system, multiply by 1.94 slug/ft3, which is the density of water in slugs. Once you know density, you can calculate mass per unit volume. All you have to do is multiply that density by the volume of the solid or liquid to find the mass of the solid or liquid.

Specific gravity is a ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, usually water. Since the density of water is one gram per cubic centimeter, you calculate specific gravity by dividing the density of a substance by one gram per cubic centimeter.

Specific gravity is dependent on the temperature, and most of the values found in the literature refer to STP conditions. Although the two terms often are used interchangeably, there is a technical difference between specific gravity and density. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance.

Calculate the object’s specific gravity by dividing its density by the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius. It follows that pure water has a specific gravity of 1 or close to 1 depending on temperature.

Specific gravity (also referred to as relative density) is the ratio of the density of a material compared to the density of water at 4 °C (39.2 °F). People usually choose that temperature as it is when water is at its densest. The specific gravity equation is: specific gravity = material density / water density.

The density of water can also be affected by temperature. When the same amount of water is heated or cooled, its density changes. When the water is heated, it expands, increasing in volume. The warmer the water, the more space it takes up, and the lower its density.

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So a 12volt battery will measure at about 12.9 volts when it’s fully charged and about 11.4 volts when it is fully discharged.

In the case of battery testing, the hydrometer is measuring the specific gravity of the battery’s electrolyte. The higher the acid concentration in the electrolyte, the higher the specific gravity. Based on the specific gravity, the user can determine the state of charge of the battery.

A fully charged battery will typically display a voltmeter reading of about 12.6 to 12.8 volts. If your voltmeter is showing a voltage anywhere between 12.4 and 12.8, that means your battery is in good shape. Any voltage above 12.9 volts is a good indicator that your battery has excessive voltage.

It’s Time for a New Battery When You Notice

1. Slow Engine Crank. When you attempt to start the vehicle, the cranking of the engine is sluggish and takes longer than normal to start.
2. Check Engine Light.
3. Low Battery Fluid Level.
4. Swelling, Bloating Battery Case.
5. Battery Leak.
6. Old Age.

Check battery life & use

1. Open your phone’s Settings app.
2. Under “Battery,” see how much charge you have left, and about how long it will last.
3. For details, tap Battery. You’ll see: A summary, like “Battery is in good shape”
4. For a graph and list of battery use, tap More. Battery usage.

As long as battery voltage remains above 9.6 volts, the battery is considered “good.” But if it drops below 9.6 volts by the end of the test, the battery may be “bad,” or the battery may have to be recharged and retested if it was not fully charged prior to the test.

Sure. It could be showing a voltage higher than 12 volts and still be bad. If it is bad it will die or drop significantly when put under load. Battery testers don’t just measure voltage.

If it was a 400 CCA battery, then your current battery should last you a bit longer, even though it has degraded enough to fail testing. If it is a factory battery, or close enough to the factory CCA, replacement is highly recommended to avoid inconvenience.

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