The Bona Fide Need rule (31 USC, Section 1502) requires appropriated funds to be used only for goods and services for which a need arises during the period of that appropriation’s availability for obligation.

A term in Federal budgeting and financial management, obligation in layman’s terms means a binding agreement that will result in outlays, immediately or in the future. For example, an agency incurs an obligation when it enters into an agreement to purchase goods or services.

The “Purpose Statute” requires agencies to apply appropriations only to the objects for which the appropriations were made, except as otherwise provided by law.

Generally, violations of the Antideficiency Act may occur when: 1. Funding authority is issued in excess of the amount available and the excess amount is obligated or expended. Obligations or expenditures are authorized or incurred in excess of the amount of funds available at the formal subdivision of funds level.

Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Appropriations funds the cost of operating and maintaining equipment at a state of readiness. See Appropriations Categories. O&M appropriations are used to finance the following efforts: Operation and maintenance. Training, organization, and administration.

Appropriation refers to taking something that doesn’t belong to you and most often refers to an exchange that happens when a dominant group takes or borrows something from a minority group that has historically been exploited or oppressed.

OPN

input and output

I&O is often done as a routine. I&O is used to estimate the fluid balance of the patient • I&O is used to decide the treatment of the patient • The data entry is always accurate for charting I&O. I&Os are accurately recorded after each meal. The calculation is always accurate for I&O totals.

[ĕ-sof″ah-go-din´e-ah] pain in the esophagus.

This chart (also known as a frequency-volume chart or bladder diary) is used to assess how much fluid you drink, to measure your urine volume, to record how often you pass urine over 24 hours and to show any episodes of incontinence (leakage).

In the normal resting state, input of water through ingested fluids is approximately 1200 ml/day, from ingested foods 1000 ml/day and from aerobic respiration 300 ml/day, totaling 2500 ml/day.

The normal range of urine output is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day if you have a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day.

Normal Urine Output

The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day).

If it’s left untreated, it’s possible that decreased urine output can cause medical complications, such as: hypertension. heart failure. anemia.

Nine ways to induce urination

1. Tapping the area between navel and pubic bone.
2. Bending forward.
3. Placing a hand in warm water.
4. Running water.
5. Drinking while trying to urinate.
6. Trying the Valsalva maneuver.
7. Exercising.
8. Massaging the inner thigh.

Common causes of decreased urine output include: Dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhoea or fever, and a simultaneous lack of adequate fluid intake. Total urinary tract obstruction, such as may result from an enlarged prostate. Severe infection leading to shock.

Go with the Flow

1. Keep yourself active. Lack of physical activity can make you retain urine.
2. Do Kegel exercises. Stand at or sit on the toilet and contract the muscle that allows you to stop and start the flow of pee.
3. Meditate. Nervousness and tension cause some men to urinate more often.
4. Try double voiding.

Problems with starting or keeping a steady stream of urine can affect men and women of all ages. For men, the most common cause of this issue is BPH. Issues with weak urine flow will typically mean the bladder is not emptying properly.

Symptoms of slow urine flow You may have slow urine flow if you have a slow urine stream. If you have slow urine flow or another lower urinary tract problem, you may dribble of urine after you finish urinating, wake up multiple times a night to pee, or feel lower abdominal discomfort.

Double voiding is a technique that may assist the bladder to empty more effectively when urine is left in the bladder. It involves passing urine more than once each time that you go to the toilet. This makes sure that the bladder is completely empty.

Adhesion. This is the most common cause of a double stream, says Dr. Parekh. It happens when the edges of the urethra get temporarily stuck together.

Techniques for Complete Bladder Emptying

1. Timed voids.
2. Double void.
3. Drink plenty of fluids.
4. Have a bowel movement every day.
5. Comfort and privacy are necessary to empty completely.
6. Leaning forward (and rocking) may promote urination.
7. After you have finished passing urine, squeeze the pelvic floor to try to completely empty.

In those who can void, incomplete bladder emptying is diagnosed by postvoid catheterization or ultrasonography showing an elevated residual urine volume. A volume < 50 mL is normal; < 100 mL is usually acceptable in patients > 65 but abnormal in younger patients.

If the bladder cannot be completely emptied, so-called residual urine remains. Since the rinsing of the bladder is impaired, germs can easily settle on the inner wall of the bladder and cause infections. This encourages as well the formation of urinary stones.

Immediately after the person urinates, doctors either insert a catheter into the bladder to see how much urine comes out or do ultrasonography of the bladder to measure the amount of urine present. The amount of urine left after urinating is called postvoid residual volume.

The bladder never empties completely so some residue is normal. You may find it difficult to start to pass water and that even when you have started; the flow is weak and slow. You might find that you dribble after you have finished passing water.