Straightness Error – A lateral translation error (for a point from a line) as a carriage is moved along it’s axis. The error along the nominal line of motion is referred to as linear displacement error. See also straightness, geometric errors, machine tool metrology, degree-of-freedom.

Straightness can be considered the 2-Dimensional version of Flatness as both are measured without a datum and controls and refine the size of the feature. While flatness measures the variance across a 2D plane, Straightness only measures the variance on a straight line.

The OMS system uses a laser beam as a straight line in space. By ensuring this straight line is the same distance away from the pipe at two locations – the beginning and the end of the pipe – the straightness can be measured at any other point in between. This method also allows direct measurement of pipe end hooking.

Straightness is a property of a nominally straight line. It characterizes a line (edge, median line, line on a surface) in what concerns its deviation from an ideal straight line, but it is not sufficient to characterize a surface in global terms.

[uncountable] ​the fact of being without bends or curves; the fact of going in one direction only. the straightness of her hair.

The flatness error describes the deviation of a plane surface from the theoretical plane. The flatness tolerance defines the permissible level of this error. The flatness error is the distance of two parallel planes, which limit the produced flat surface (Fig. 3) [1].

Explanation: Straight edges can be used to test flatness and straightness of the surfaces.

The flatness error can be defined as the separation of the two planes. Generally the MZ flatness value will give a smaller result than the LS flatness due to the zone type of fit to the data. The analysis options used in Flatness measurement are essentially the same as those used for roundness.

In application, one way to physically measure flatness is to use a height gage, as we can see in Figure 2. To use the height gage correctly, the part to be measured is first placed upon 3 columns with adjustable heights. Then, the height gage is run across the surface while looking at the amplitude of the needle.

Explanation: Decision-making within the organization should be only based on facts. It is not based on opinions like personal interests and emotions. Data should support this type of decision-making process.

Flatness. It is defined as minimum distance between two planes within which all the points on a surface lie. A surface along which all the points lie along single plane is called as perfectly flat surface.

I-Units is an exacting quantitative flatness measurement. It is a dimensionless number that incorporates both the height (H) and peak to peak length (L, or P in the diagram below) of a repeating wave. The formula for I-Units is as follows: I = [(3.1415 x H)/2L]2 x 105. Simplified, I = 2.467[H/L]2 x 105.

How do CMMs measure flatness: QCT’s guide to how do CMMs measure flatness: Coordinated measuring machines can be used to measure dimensional metrology, including ‘flatness’. The flatness of the optically flat surfaces are measured by techniques using the CMM stylus.

GD Flatness is a common symbol that references how flat a surface is regardless of any other datum’s or features. The flatness tolerance references two parallel planes (parallel to the surface that it is called out on) that define a zone where the entire reference surface must lie.

Run-out is measured at one section of the surface during rotation. Total-Run-out is measured along the whole surface during rotation.

Group discussion is an important activity in academic, business and administrative spheres. It is a. systematic and purposeful interactive oral process. Here the exchange of ideas, thoughts and feelings. take place through oral communication.

Run-out tolerance is a geometric tolerance that specifies the run-out fluctuation of a target’s feature when the target (part) is rotated on an axis (specified straight line). A datum is always necessary to indicate run-out tolerance; as such, it is a geometric tolerance for features related to datums.

Arun Kumar

1. As Explained in this web, Total Runout = Concentricity + Cylindricity.
2. To measure Total run out, with reference to datum, Whether we have to move the measure gauge in the same axis ( i.e., in straight line) , or we can vary the measurement axis.

To measure coupling or shaft runout, it is common to use a dial indicator with a standard magnetic base. Simply mount the magnetic base on a stationary surface. Then mount the dial indicator on the surface to be checked.

Using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Unlike with coaxiality, you measure the circle of the plane. Put the stylus on the measurement point on the datum circle, and then put the stylus on the measurement point on the target circle to measure the concentricity.

As nouns the difference between runout and ovality is that runout is something that has been run out while ovality is (engineering) a measurement of deviation from circularity of an oval or approximately elliptical shape.

Lateral runout may be caused by uneven torque on a brake stud. However, the most common cause of lateral runout is rust buildup on the hub assembly. Hubs are often in use on a vehicle for hundreds of thousands of miles. As you can imagine, a significant amount of rust will build up on that hub over that period of time.

total runout? Circular runout controls only a particular circular cross section of a part, while total runout controls the entire surface of the part. That means total runout seeks to limit the cumulative variation across an array of part surface characteristics, such as: Straightness.

Total runout does control taper as it controls the variation in radius to the datum for the entire surface. Concentricity sets a limit on how non-symmetrical the shaft is relative to the datum axis. If the shaft is oval it can still be concentric.

Using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Put the stylus on the measurement point on the datum element (cylinder), and then put the stylus on the measurement point on the target element (cylinder) to measure the coaxiality. The measurement result is recorded in the measuring machine.

Generally, ovality is measured by difference between maximum diameter and minimum diameter (ID or OD). According to the utility and requirement it has some acceptance limit like 4mm, 5mm to 6mm. Beyond this, product is treated as rejection or rework.

noncircularity

Out of roundness is equal to the maximum diameter minus the minimum diameter measured at the same cross section. Out of roundness ratio equals the out of roundness divided by either the nominal diameter or the mean diameter. DNV or ISO ovality is equal to the out of roundness ratio.

To find it, measure around the circumference of the pipe with flexible measuring tape. Divide the circumference by pi, or about 3.14159. For example, if the circumference is 12.57 inches (319 mm), you would divide by pi, and get an outside diameter of about 4 inches (100 mm).

In most cases, the main pipeline from the street to your home is either 3/4 or 1 inch in diameter, supply branches use 3/4-inch-diameter pipe, and pipes for individual components are 1/2 inch. For ideal water pressure to second- and third-story fixtures, you might need a larger pipe.

The flow of water can be affected by the width of a supply pipe. The flow of water from your faucet is determined by water pressure. The more water that is being forced through a pipe, the more pressure there will naturally be. Through any pipe size, higher water pressure will cause greater water flow.

2.31 feet

How To Test Water Pressure Without a Pressure Gauge

1. Turn on the sink and shower in the bathroom.
2. Flush the toilet once.
3. Watch the flow of water in the shower.
4. If pressure visibly drops when the toilet is filling back up, then there is a good chance that the water pressure in the home is compromised.

Normal water pressure is generally between 40 and 60 PSI; most homeowners prefer something right in the middle around 50 PSI. Once you measure your home’s water pressure, you can adjust it to a setting that is ideal for all family members and household uses.

A common cause for a water pressure decline is a problem with the municipal water system. If your neighbors are also experiencing low water pressure, then you may only need to wait for short stretch before the pressure is restored. Call the utility company if it persists.

In most cases, you can simply unscrew a kitchen or bathroom faucet aerator and screw-on a water pressure gauge.

A water pressure regulator, if you have one, is usually located where the main water line comes into the house and after the main shut off valve. This way if you need to work on or change the water pressure regulator you can simply shut off the water main to do so.

Check your water meter and locate the shut-off valve. Make sure the valves on each side of the meter are properly opened. Also, check the main water supply at home as here the water pressure is kept low by default. Increase the volume and your low water pressure problem will no longer be there.

How to Increase Water Pressure from Overhead Tank

1. Install a Pressure Pump. Possibly the easiest, but the most expensive solution is to install a pressure pump.
2. Place the Tank Higher. In most cases, the reason for low water pressure in an overhead tank water supply system is the placement of the tank.
3. Use Smaller-Diameter Pipes.

Loosen the nut with a wrench on top of the valve to access the adjustment screw; then turn the adjustment screw clockwise with a screwdriver to increase the water pressure. In some cases, a secondary pump can be added if there are reasons the water pressure should not be increased above a certain limit.