This perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818–1883), who saw society as being made up of individuals in different social classes who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment.

Marx developed a theory that society progressed through a class conflict between the proletariat, the workers, and the bourgeoisie, the business owners and government leaders. Marx’s theories about society not only helped form the discipline of sociology but also several perspectives within sociology.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx. Karl Marx based his conflict theory on the idea that modern society has only two classes of people: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production: the factories, businesses, and equipment needed to produce wealth. The proletariat are the workers.

Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated from Karl Marx, focusing on the struggles between capitalists and the working class. Communism is based upon the ideas of common ownership and the absence of social classes, money and the state.

The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. The theory is also about the hustles of the proletariat and their reprimand of the bourgeoisie.

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are typically cited as the three principal architects of modern social science.

philosopher Herbert Spencer

Born in 1802, Harriet Martineau is considered the first woman sociologist. In 1853, she was the first to translate August Comte’s work from French to English. It is through this translation that English-speaking scholars could begin to learn the works of Comte, who is known as the father of sociology.

Harriet Martineau (1802-76) is one of the most important and least appreciated founders of sociology.

Martineau is notable for her progressive politics. She introduced feminist sociological perspectives in her writing and addressed overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic life, religious life, and race relations. In 1852, Martineau translated the works of Auguste Comte, who had coined the term sociology.

Eleanor Roosevelt worked with her. (1868-1963) first famous African American sociologist.

The term sociology was first used by Frenchman Auguste Compte in the 1830s when he proposed a synthetic science uniting all knowledge about human activity. In the academic world, sociology is considered one of the social sciences. [1] Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Article: Sociology. Edited by Craig Calhoun.

The impetus for the ideas that culminated in sociology can be found in the three major transformations that defined modern society and the culture of modernity: (1) the development of modern science from the 16th century onward, (2) the emergence of democratic forms of government with the American and French …

The four factors contributing to the emergence of sociology were as follows: the Industrial Revolution, the American and French revolutions, imperialism, and the success of the natural sciences in applying the scientific method in answering questions about the natural environment.

The social, economic, political and intellectual background of the 18th century Europe facilitated the emergence of sociology. It emerged in European society corresponding to its socio-historical background which had its origin in the Enlightenment period.

What social and political factors led to the development of sociology as a distinct academic discipline? It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increased tech. advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own.

The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes.

The Enlightenment was a significant contributing factor to the emergence of sociology in the late 18th and early 19th century. The Enlightenment is considered to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society.

Sociology emerged as a systematic discipline in the beginning of 19th century. Many social and intellectual factors helped in the growth of sociology in the west. Later, a French social thinker and philosopher Auguste Comte (1798- 1857) helped the discipline in its origin and development.

Sociology of development is thus a social science discipline which studies economic development from the point of view of social development. It attempts to explore the linkages between social, cultural, political and institutional spheres, and the levels of economic development in a society.

Foundations. Systematic sociology of education began with the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) on moral education as a basis for organic solidarity, and with studies by Max Weber (1864–1920) on the Chinese literati as an instrument of political control.