Zoogeography is one of the various branches of biology. It deals primarily with the geological distribution of animals. It also studies the causes, effects, and interactions (in the past, the present, or the future) resulting in the geological distribution of particular species of animals.

Zoogeography is very important for understanding and studying the factors in and modes of speciation. Most biologists believe that so-called geographic speciation, which is caused by territorial isolation of populations, is the main if not the only way in which new forms and species are created.

Zoogeography, the branch of the science of biogeography (q.v.) that is concerned with the geographic distribution of animal species.

Distribution in Space: In this type of distribution the arrangement of different types of animal on the earth’s surface is considered, i.e., animal’s distribution both on land and water.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Philip Sclater (1858) and Alfred Wallace (1876) identified the main zoogeographic regions of the world used today: Palaearctic, Aethiopian (today Afrotropic), India (today Indomalayan), Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical. Marine regionalization began with Ortmann (1896).

The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.

The climate is more or less temperate. The region includes both wet forests, coniferous forests and dry open steppe lands. Eastern Asia including China and Japan contain deciduous forests. rainfall, great diversity of surface features are the characteristics of the Palaearctic region.

The Oceanian realm is regarded as one of the smallest realms in terms of land area and also the youngest realm. It includes the volcanic high islands and coral atolls.

Of six zoogeographical regions, the country falls into Palearctic and Ori- ental regions (Boulenger 1890;Darlington 1957;Smith 1931Smith , 1935Smith , 1943). The climate is continental with extreme variations during winter and summer temperatures.

In the other countries of the Neotropical Region, there are scattered records, mainly in Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Cuba, West Indies, and South of Mexico.

Pakistan is divided into three ecological zones namely mountainous ranges, foothills, and Indus plains. The habitat types include coastal areas, lagoons, mangrove, swamps, sandy areas, plain areas, freshwater lakes, wetlands, mountainous ranges, valleys, snow covered mountains, and glaciers (Khan 1999).

Eight terrestrial biogeographic realms are typically recognized, corresponding roughly to continents (Australasian, Afrotropical, Nearctic, Oceanic, Antarctic, Indo-Malayan, Neotropical, Palearctic).

The 12 world geographic realms are: Europe, Russia, North America, Middle America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Austral Realm, and Pacific Realm.

Ten Realms

A Physical Realm, or more commonly known as a Realm, is a domain of space that is inaccesible and indescribable using the concept of dimensions. These spaces are like segments of everything (by everything, it is truly meant everything), which are extremely different in nature.

comprising the Desire Realm (kāma-dhātu), the Form Realm (rūpa-dhātu), and the Formless Realm (ārūpya-dhātu). Also known by the alternative designation of the ‘three worlds’ (triloka).

Buddhist cosmology typically identifies six realms of rebirth and existence: gods, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hells. Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.

A nonmaterial, “other world” location, which cannot be accessed in absence of spiritual medium.

domain, sphere, area, field, department, arena. world, region, province, territory, zone, orbit.