Non-uniform scaling gives you ability to create more interesting shapes than were possible before – e.g. Ellipses and Ellipsoids. Shearing is another useful transform. It comes handy when you want to skew an object sideways while still keeping the surfaces in perpendicular direction flat.

Definition: Scaling is the procedure of measuring and assigning the objects to the numbers according to the specified rules. In other words, the process of locating the measured objects on the continuum, a continuous sequence of numbers to which the objects are assigned is called as scaling.

You reposition the center of your drawing surface—the 0,0 point, or origin—by calling the translate(x,y) method. The origin of the canvas’s coordinate system is moved to the point x,y . You spin the drawing surface around the origin by calling the rotate(angle) method.

Raster Image Scaling A raster graphic is a bitmap image comprised of individual pixels. Examples include JPEG and PNG files. The process of scaling raster graphics is also called “resampling,” in which pixels are mapped to a new grid, which may be smaller or larger than the original matrix.

A scaling transformation alters size of an object. In the scaling process, we either compress or expand the dimension of the object. Scaling operation can be achieved by multiplying each vertex coordinate (x, y) of the polygon by scaling factor sx and sy to produce the transformed coordinates as (x’, y’).

Uniform scaling takes place when both these factors are allocated with the same value. Differential scaling takes place when separate values are assigned to the scaling factors, sx and sy. It is more popular and used in most of the designing applications.

To change the size of an object, scaling transformation is used. In the scaling process, you either expand or compress the dimensions of the object. Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original coordinates of the object with the scaling factor to get the desired result.

The location of a scaled object can be controlled by a position known as the fixed point that is to remain unchanged after the scaling transformation.

Agreed specifications which define the common interfaces between computer systems or subsystems. Standards, if they are generally observed by manufacturers, promote the interchangeability of computer equipment. The top level is occupied by IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange System). …

The PHIGS standard defined a set of functions and data structures to be used by a programmer to manipulate and display 3-D graphical objects. The standard was approved by ANSI as ANSI X3. That is to say, a 2D application written to the GKS standard is guaranteed to run in a GKS-3D environment without change.

Graphic standards provide a sound, flexible structure for using logos, color and typography. Consistent brand application is essential. The logos must appear the same in every instance. They must have the proper color selections, be in the proper proportions and be used in appropriate contexts.