The first is that development is synonymous with modernization, thus political development can be defined as political modernization. Ultimately, political development can be defined as an increase in national political unity and an increase in political participation.

The Law and Political Economy (LPE) encompasses diverse social science approaches to studying judges’ behavior, the development of law, and interactions between the judiciary and other branches of government.

Political ecology is the study of the intersection and relationship between the political, broadly understood, and environmental and ecological phenomena. Political ecology engages concern for sustainable politics. This concern leads to exploration of the state, democracy, participation, and power.

This indicator measures country performance on the quality of the electoral process, political pluralism and participation, government corruption and transparency, and fair political treatment of ethnic groups.

The twelve variables are: government stability; socioeconomic conditions; investment profile; internal conflict; external conflict; corruption; military in politics; religious tensions; law and order; ethnic tensions; democratic accountability; and bureaucracy quality.

The index of political instability is measured on a scale of 0 to 10 based on the degree of severity of political protest and violence in each nation in any given year. The advantage of this index over other indices of political instability, such as the state fragility index, is that it is raw.

Definition: The index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism.

Irrespective of political regimes conflict, radical changes of regime and corruption can also lead to instability, causing a government to collapse, through sometimes peaceful or violent means. This may happen over time, or rapidly, with momentum to effect change at great speed.

A negative coefficient is expected, as greater political (regime) instability leads to greater uncertainty concerning future economic policies and, consequently, to lower economic growth. Inflation rate (IFS). 6 A negative coefficient is expected, as high inflation has been found to negatively affect growth.

Political instability is often the result of climate-induced disruptions to agricultural systems, but responses to disasters are crucial determinants of when and where conflict may occur.

The report said there is a higher chance for social unrest to exacerbate political instability in Bangladesh, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam.

This means that political trends can have an impact on taxes levied on businesses and individuals, leaving your customers and yourself with more or less money to spend in the marketplace. Economic policies can also influence interest rates throughout the economy, including rates for small business loans.

Even in countries perceived as politically stable, political change can have a significant impact on business. This may result in less ‘business-friendly’ policies, changes in business taxation and regulations or, perhaps, political changes that affect the firm’s marketing. …

Political risk is the risk an investment’s returns could suffer as a result of political changes or instability in a country. Instability affecting investment returns could stem from a change in government, legislative bodies, other foreign policymakers or military control.

Every nation’s economy fluctuates between periods of expansion and contraction. These changes are caused by levels of employment, productivity, and the total demand for and supply of the nation’s goods and services. In the short-run, these changes lead to periods of expansion and recession.

Solutions to economic crisis

1. Cutting interest rates – makes borrowing cheaper and should increase the disposable income of firms and households – leading to higher spending.
2. Quantitative easing – when Central Bank creates money and buys bonds to reduce bond yields and.

Economic instability can have a number of negative effects on the overall welfare of people and nations by creating an environment in which economic assets lose value and investment is hindered or stopped. This can lead to unemployment, economic recession, or in extreme cases, a societal collapse.