Allotropes have different physical and chemical properties from one another. For example, diamond and graphite (two allotropes of carbon) have different appearances, hardness values, melting points, boiling points, and reactivities. Some element allotropes have different molecular formulae.

Iodine is a metal like lithium, sodium, and potassium are so hard that they cannot be cut with a knife. Most of the non- metals produce acidic oxides while most of the metals produce basic oxides. V. Graphite is a conductor of electricity.

Many of the metallic elements (even compounds such as silica, etc.) exist in more than one crystalline form (but one at a time) depending upon the external conditions of temperature or pressure, or both. This phenomenon is called polymorphism or allotropy.

Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color.

Germanium 76 is slightly radioactive and is the least common. Germanium 74 is the most common isotope having the greatest natural abundance of the five. Under the condition of being bombarded with alpha particles, Germanium 72 generates stable Se 77.

Germanium is not an essential element. Its acute toxicity is low. However, at least 31 reported human cases linked prolonged intake of germanium products with renal failure and even death. Signs of kidney dysfunction, kidney tubular degeneration, and germanium accumulation were observed.

Organic germanium is a man-made blend of germanium, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Common names include germanium-132 (Ge-132) and germanium sesquioxide.

The main group elements are classified as belonging to the s- and p-blocks in the periodic table. They range from gases such as fluorine and oxygen through nonmetals (e.g., boron, phosphorus, and sulfur) and semimetals (metalloids; e.g., germanium) to very reactive metals such as sodium and potassium.

Tin (Sn), a chemical element belonging to the carbon family, Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge, known to the ancients in bronze, an alloy with copper….Tin.

The main group elements are groups 1, 2, and 13-18 on the periodic table. The p-block elements are the basic metals, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases. Examples of main group elements include helium, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon.

Promethium is one of only two radioactive elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide….

Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή osme, “smell”) is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores….

Naturally occurring samarium has a radioactivity of 128 Bq/g. Sm is listed by various sources either as stable or radioactive, but only a lower bound for its half-life is given. The long-lived isotopes,146Sm, 147Sm, and 148Sm, primarily decay by emission of alpha particles to isotopes of neodymium.

Samarium costs about $5 per gram, around a third of the price of gold. Samarium’s primary use is in samarium cobalt alloy magnets, which are particularly powerful; these are used in consumer applications such as headphones as well as in industrial contexts.

Th

Thorium is named after Thor, the Scandinavian god of war.