From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Androcentrism (Ancient Greek, ἀνήρ, “man, male”) is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a masculine point of view at the center of one’s world view, culture, and history, thereby culturally marginalizing femininity.

Examples of androcentrism include the use of male terms (e.g., he), images, and research participants to represent everyone. Androcentrism has been shown to have serious consequences. For example, women’s health has been adversely affected by over-generalized medical research based solely on male participants.

Definition. Androcentrism literally means male-centered. It reflects hierarchies which conceive of sex as a binary system in which one sex – the male – is deemed more important and valuable than the other, the female. Lester Frank Ward first used the word androcentric in publication in 1903, in the field of sociology.

symbol ♀

Male (♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete known as sperm. A male gamete can fuse with a larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Squares and circles Males are represented by squares and females by circles.

It can be simply called as a “family tree ” Pedigrees use a standardized set of symbols, squares represent males and circles represent females.

Females are better at discriminating among colors, researchers say, while males excel at tracking fast-moving objects and discerning detail from a distance—evolutionary adaptations possibly linked to our hunter-gatherer past. In color experiments the men and women tended to ascribe different shades to the same objects.

In human genetics, pedigree diagrams are utilized to trace the inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality, or disease. A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀.

Pregnancy symbols: A triangle is used for any pregnancy not carried to term. Include gestational age, or estimated date of delivery (EDD) for all pregnancies. Pregnancy (P), Stillbirth (SB), Spontaneous abortion (SAB), Termination of pregnancy (TOP), Ectopic pregnancy (ECT).

A pedigree is a genetic representation of a family tree that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or disease though several generations. The pedigree shows the relationships between family members and indicates which individuals express or silently carry the trait in question.

In this family pedigree, black squares indicate the presence of a particular trait in a male, and white squares represent males without the trait. White circles are females. A trait in one generation can be inherited, but not outwardly apparent before two more generations (compare black squares).

Pedigrees

1. Determine whether the trait is dominant or recessive. If the trait is dominant, one of the parents must have the trait.
2. Determine if the chart shows an autosomal or sex-linked (usually X-linked) trait. For example, in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females.

A pedigree, also known as a genogram, is a diagram that depicts individuals who are related by blood or another factor. For example, a square icon indicates a male individual, a circle icon indicates a female individual, and a diamond icon indicates an individual of unknown/undetermined gender.

Consanguinious matings

Inbreeding in pedigree dogs arises because certain dogs, prized for exhibiting the characteristics desirable for that breed, are used to father many litters of puppies. Over generations, more and more dogs across a particular pedigree are related to one another and the chances of relatives mating increase.

Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.

Dizygotic Twins (non-identical) : Indicated by two diagonal vertical lines originating from the same point. Monozygotic twins (identical): Indicated by two diagonal vertical lines originating from the same point. No children: A vertical line with 2 hash marks at the end.

Half-Siblings

1. To add a half sibling to the pedigree, first, make sure that the parent of the individual already has another spouse, if not, add another spouse to the parent.
2. Add a child to the second spouse and that child will then be the half-sibling of the proband.