Both IC and EC engines are of two types, i.e. Reciprocating and Rotary engine. I.C. Engine, an acronym for an internal combustion engine is the engine in which ignition and combustion of fuel take place inside the engine.

Applications of internal combustion engine

ICEs are typically powered by fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. Renewable fuels like biodiesel are used in compression ignition(CI) engines and bioethanol or ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) produced from bioethanol in spark ignition(SI) engines.

Soon afterward, in the early 1890s, another German engineer, Rudolf Diesel, constructed an internal-combustion engine (the diesel engine) that used heavy oil instead of gasoline and was more efficient than the Otto engine. It was widely used to power locomotives, heavy machinery, and submarines.

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

Nicolaus Otto

In an internal combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine itself. The engine then partially converts the energy from the combustion to work. After the piston compresses the fuel-air mixture, the spark ignites it, causing combustion.

Basic Components of IC Engine and Their Function

• Cylinder block. BMW 6-cylinder block.
• Cylinder. Cylinder is a space or cylindrical vessel supported by the cylinder block, in which the piston makes reciprocating motion.
• Piston. Piston is a tubular component that fitted into engine cylinder.
• Piston rings.
• Combustion chamber.
• Connecting rods.
• Crankshaft.
• Spark plug.

Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the ideal gas law: . Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas want to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

Basic design and performance parameters in internal combustion engines include compression ratio, swept volume, clearance volume, power output, indicated power, thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, and more.

Internal combustion engine (I.C. Engine): In internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and heat is. generated within the cylinder. This heat is added to the air inside the cylinder. and thus the pressure of the air is increased tremendously.

We can classify internal combustion reciprocating engines according to the number of strokes of the piston in one complete working cycle. There is still another classification according to the process of combustion: explosion or constant-volume combustion engines and constant-pressure combustion or Diesel engines.

two types

Since these fuels are mainly used in spark-ignition (SI) engines , gasoline as the most common SI engine fuel is used as the baseline for comparison….Gaseous Fuels.

Acetylene cannot be used as a single fuel in diesel engines due to the high compression ratio.

: Gasoline or petrol is a derivative product of crude oil/petroleum. It is derived during fractional distillation process and has a translucent liquid form. It’s not used in its crude form. Different additives are added like ethanol to use it as fuel for passenger vehicles.

Today’s 3 Most Promising Gasoline Alternatives

1. Biodiesel. What Is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel that can power the same compression-ignition engines as regular petroleum-based diesel.
2. Hydrogen Fuel Cells. What Is a Hydrogen Fuel Cell?
3. Ethanol. What Is Ethanol?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.Biodiesel is an attractive and alternative fuel due to the reduction in viscosity with that of vegetable oil as well as similar properties in comparison with diesel. It is a stable fuel performs reliably in all diesel engines.

paraffin fuels

Tri-fuel is proposed to facilitate the efficient performance of compression ignition (CI) engines while promising the enhanced combustion characteristics, improved performance, and reduction of unwanted emissions without requiring major engine retrofitting.

Nearly all of the hydrogen consumed in the United States is used by industry for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods. U.S. petroleum refineries use hydrogen to lower the sulfur content of fuels.

Currently, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, specifically natural gas. Electricity—from the grid or from renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, or biomass—is also currently used to produce hydrogen. In the longer term, solar energy and biomass can be used more directly to generate hydrogen.

The two most common ways to produce hydrogen are steam reforming (using high-temperature steam to produce hydrogen from natural gas) and electrolysis (splitting water).

The membrane, catalyst layers (anode and cathode), and diffusion media together form the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a PEM fuel cell.

Hydrogen is a very useful element. It is used to make ammonia for fertilizers, refining metals, and methanol for making artificial material like plastics. Hydrogen is also used as a rocket fuel where liquid hydrogen is combined with liquid oxygen to produce a powerful explosion.

Chemical properties of hydrogen – Health effects of hydrogen – Environmental effects of hydrogen