Answer. The main function of the Gemma cup is vegetative reproduction. The Gemma is a small cup-shaped cell found on the thalli of bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts. The Gemma cells separated from the parent and develop into a new individual.

In plants, such as liverworts and mosses (division Bryophyta), rhizoids attach the gametophyte to the substratum and facilitate the absorption of minerals and water.

In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Stolons are often called runners. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous.

Common liverwort

Dark green Marchantia gametophytes (sexual plants) are branched and ribbonlike, about 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) wide and 5 to 13 cm long. The diamond-shaped markings on their upper surfaces, signs of interior air chambers, have a central pore through which air diffuses.

spore germinates to produce thallus.

1 capitalized : the type genus of Marchantiaceae comprising liverworts that reproduce asexually by gemmae and have stalked antheridiophores.

Marchantia undergoes the alternation of generations typical of land plants. Thus, through its life cycle, a multicellular haploid gametophyte generation alternates with a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation.

Multicellular purple colored scales with single cell thickness and unicellular rhizoids are present on the ventral surface of the thallus….

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In Liverworts, the specialised asexual reproductive structures are called Gemmae.