The gas utilization, Eta CO (ηCO = % CO2/(% CO + % CO2)), is fixed as deduced from measured top gas composition, while Eta H2 is adjusted to give the lowest differences between the measured and the calculated off-gas compositions.

Abstract. An intense flame is created in front of each tuyere when the preheated blast air contacts the hot coke in the blast furnace. The temperature of this flame is an important blast furnace parameter. It is known as the raceway adiabatic flame temperature or RAFT.

The furnace charge, or burden, of iron-bearing materials (e.g., iron-ore pellets and sinter), coke, and flux (e.g., limestone) descends through the shaft, where it is preheated and reacts with ascending reducing gases to produce liquid iron and slag that accumulate in the hearth.

A furnace of this size produces around 10,000 tons of hot metal (tHM) a day to 13,000 tHM a day with annual production of more than 4 million tons of HM. Several blast furnaces are operating around 2.5 t/d/cum of specific productivity.

In a blast furnace, fuel (coke), ores, and flux (limestone) are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while a hot blast of air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the lower section of the furnace through a series of pipes called tuyeres, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout …

Crafting the Blast Furnace is relatively easy, provided you have the required ingredients—and even then, they’re not particularly difficult to get hold of. You need one Furnace, five Iron Ingots, and three pieces of Smooth Stone. The standard Furnace can be made with eight pieces of Cobblestone, which is pretty common.

High silica (SiO2) content in the dolomite used for sintering purpose is preferred since SiO2 counter the effect of alumina (Al2O3) in the blast furnace. The second major use of dolomite is in steelmaking. In steelmaking dolomite is used both as a fluxing material and also as a refractory material.

Investment costs for the traditional production processes are approximately $211 for Blast Furnaces (BF) with a capacity of one ton of pig iron per year (US $/(t/a)) and $100 for a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) with a unit capacity (US $/(t/a).

The price of steel (at the time of writing this) is about $550 per ton. We can estimate the production costs due to the energy required by assuming that the creation of pig iron and the basic oxygen furnace use coal or natural gas to power the process and an electric arc furnace uses pure electricity.

THus, capex cost for a ~300kt electric arc furnace melt shop is closer to $300 / tonne of capacity….Bar rolling mill investment cost summary.

Recycling steel To highlight the importance of recycling in steel production, the World Steel Association says that the average blast furnace needs 800kg of coal to produce a tonne of steel while the average electric arc furnace (using mainly recycled steel) needs just 16kg of coal.

Chromium is the metal used to harden the stainless steel. Chromium gives hardness and toughness to stainless steel and increases its resistance to corrosion, especially at high temperatures.

Hardening: Heat to 1475F to 1500F (steel type depending) until the metal is just past non-magnetic. Non-magnetic is around 1425F. A propane (or MAPP gas) torch played evenly along the blade will get the job done.