3. Enlightened understanding—free press and free speech are essential to civic understanding. 4. Citizen control of the agenda—citizens should have the collective right to control the government’s policy agenda. Inclusion—citizenship must be open to all within a nation.

Free and fair elections are the cornerstone of democracy. Elections give citizens a voice in their government in the most fundamental way: by deciding who governs.

Term. Traditional Democratic Theory. Definition. A theory about how a democratic government makes its decisions. According to Robert Dahl, its cornerstones are equality in voting, effective participation, enlightened understanding, final control over the agenda, and inclusion.

What is enlightened understanding? When people can explain their own understanding and views but also views of others whom the disagree incorporating relevant facts on both sides toarrive at informed judgements.

The rule of law is a primary element of a constitution, as it is a fundamental concept of democracy.

A linkage institution is a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. These institutions include: elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.

Linkage institutions are channels that allow individuals to communicate their preferences to policy-makers. The leading linkage institutions in our democracy are political parties, interest groups, elections and media.

The interaction between Congress and the bureaucracy can be affected by linkage institutions because linkage institutions can affect public opinion. They can get people to contact congress workers and well as people working within the bureaucracy.

Answer: A) The political institution Dickinson wants to maintain is the English monarchy. For him, this institution has given the colonists freedom and he believes that establishing a Republic will result in “licentious anarchy and popular tyranny”.

Political institutions are important and necessary in a democracy due to the following reasons: 1. These institutions make important laws and take up various policies and programmes for the development of the nation. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions.

Political institutions are needed in order to safeguard the interests of citizens of the country and to ensure the unity and integrity of the nation. It further results in the overall development of the country.

Political institutions are arrangements by the government to perform particular functions. These functions are assigned to these institutions for the betterment of the people and the democracy. The government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all.

(i) To take decisions Countries need political institutions to take decisions regarding the welfare of the people. Institutions formulate various policies and welfare schemes. (ii) To implement the decisions The decisions which have been taken care pf are to be implemented.

We need institutions for the following reasons:- 1)The institutions decides and makes rules and regulations for proper administration. 2)They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision 3)They are responsible to solve the dispute that may arise.

Formation of various institutions is necessary for smooth functioning of the government. In most of the cases (pertaining to civil matters) three main institutions are at work, viz. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet take important decisions on all policy matters.

We need institutions because institution takes decisions and make rules and regulations for proper administration. 2 :They provide a opportunity to wider set of people to be consulted to reach at any decisions. 3:the institution not only takes decisions but also they they implement them to get the required purposes.

It is costly to transact and examined the variety of forms in institutional constraints and to take in the constraining of human interaction. It costs resources to utilized for the creation, maintenance, use, and change of institutions and organizations.

Even though institutional change that may be beneficial to many citizens and organized groups may be possible, it often requires some trust and coordination between groups, especially trust that nobody will try to hijack the process, and this leads to multiple equilibria: when trust is missing, the process of …

Even individual social norms, such as attitudes towards the death penalty or acceptance of corruption, tend to change rather slowly, possibly because many norms are rooted in religions whose basic precepts have changed remarkably little for centuries and even millennia; the major world religions have shaped and still …

Many theories of institutional change are based on the proposition that there is a centralized or collective process that results into a change in the given institutions. According to these theories there is a ‘deliberate design’ involved in the creation of new institutions.