Einstein’s quantum theory of light highlighted that light is a composition of small packets of energy which are called photons and have wave-like properties. In this theory, Albert Einstein also explained the process of emission of electrons from metals which are struck by lightning.

Refraction is an effect that occurs when a light wave, incident at an angle away from the normal, passes a boundary from one medium into another in which there is a change in velocity of the light. Light is refracted when it crosses the interface from air into glass in which it moves more slowly.

The greater the refractive index the more the light refracts. Glass has a refractive index of 1.5, water 1.3 and diamond 2.42. This means that light will bend more when it hits a diamond than it will when it hits a piece of glass of the same shape. It is partly this that makes diamonds sparkle so much.

The explanation is very simple: the packets of energy are very tiny, so tiny that you don’t notice the bumps. Einstein thought “If energy comes in packets, then light could come in packets too!”, he called this packets photons and now everything made sense.

Einstein always believed that everything is certain, and we can calculate everything. That’s why he rejected quantum mechanics, due to its factor of uncertainty. But still quantum physics was right.

Albert Einstein’s work in part led to the prediction of quantum entanglement: the idea that two particles can remain connected across vast distances of space and time. Einstein found the idea absurd and “spooky,” but it has since been proved with countless quantum physics experiments.

Einstein’s opponents used Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle against him, which (among other things) states it is not possible to measure both the position and the momentum of a particle simultaneously to arbitrary accuracy.

Common Interpretation of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Is Proved False. Contrary to what many students are taught, quantum uncertainty may not always be in the eye of the beholder. A new experiment shows that measuring a quantum system does not necessarily introduce uncertainty.

The uncertainty principle arises from the wave-particle duality. Every particle has a wave associated with it; each particle actually exhibits wavelike behaviour. The particle is most likely to be found in those places where the undulations of the wave are greatest, or most intense.

Heisenberg conducted a thought experiment as well. He considered trying to measure the position of an electron with a gamma ray microscope. Niels Bohr pointed out some errors in Heisenberg’s thought experiment, but agreed the uncertainty principle itself was correct, and the paper was published.

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be simultaneously determined. This is because electrons simply don’t have a definite position, and direction of motion, at the same time!

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is applicable to tiny subatomic particles like electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and the velocity of a particle. The detection of an electron, for example, would be made by way of its interaction with photons of light.