Direct replication is the repetition of an experimental procedure to as exact a degree as possible. This means that, as far as possible, the same equipment, material, stimuli, design and statistical analysis should be used.

Why Is Replication so Important in Psychology? When studies are replicated and achieve the same or similar results as the original study, it gives greater validity to the findings.

This investigation revealed that roughly 1.6% of all psychology publications used the term replication in text. A more thorough analysis of 500 randomly selected articles revealed that only 68% of articles using the term replication were actual replications, resulting in an overall replication rate of 1.07%.

Even though women earn the majority of psychology PhDs, approximately 71 percent as of 2006 (Burrelli, 2008), women are continually underrepresented in academia and face a distinctive set of issues.

Key points to keep in mind to avoid replication crisis would be:

1. Even though it is expensive, we should perform replication often.
2. We should publish more NULL results, that does not support hypothesis so that p hacking can be avoided.

Thus, as I see it, theory-building is building-up your inter-related ideas and propositions about aspects of your field of study, which can be made amenable to empirical testing, towards giving conditional explanations about those aspects of your field of study. This has been a bit ‘long-winded’, but it may help.

To develop a theory, you’ll need to follow the scientific method. First, make measurable predictions about why or how something works. Then, test those predictions with a controlled experiment, and objectively conclude whether or not the results confirm the hypotheses.

Researchers who are building descriptive theory proceed through three steps: observation, categorization, and association.

• Step 1: Observation. In the first step researchers observe phenomena and carefully describe and measure what they see.
• Step 2: Classification.
• Step 3: Defining Relationships.

What is an important first step when building a theory? Formulating and articulating a set of concepts. Only $2.99/month. Logical simplicity is an appropriate way to analyze a theory.

The five components of a Theory of Change are- Inputs, Activities, Outputs, Outcomes, and Impact. The TOC needs to be aligned to your initiative, project, or program and stated mission.