A mental model that I frequently use is the Ladder of Abstraction. It was developed by the American linguist S. I. The higher up the ladder you are the more abstract the idea, language or thought is. The lower you are on the ladder the more concrete the idea, language or thought is.

Aristotle defined abstraction as cutting off a part of being and making a science about it [27] . In art, abstraction means “the act of drawing out the essential qualities in a thing, a series of things, or a situation” [28]. …

In cognition, abstraction is a higher order type of thinking in which common features are identified (or abstracted). This cognitive process of isolating common characteristics between different things is essential for many high level forms of thinking such as learning from experience, inference, and forming judgments.

The amount of complexity by which a system is viewed or programmed. The higher the level, the less detail. The lower the level, the more detail. The highest level of abstraction is the entire system. The next level would be a handful of components, and so on, while the lowest level could be millions of objects.

9. Higher the level of abstraction, higher are the details. Explanation: Higher the level of abstraction, lower are the details. The best way to understand this is to consider a whole system that is highest level of abstraction as it hides everything inside.

Abstraction in Python is the process of hiding the real implementation of an application from the user and emphasizing only on usage of it.

Polymorphism is considered one of the important features of Object-Oriented Programming. Polymorphism allows us to perform a single action in different ways. In other words, polymorphism allows you to define one interface and have multiple implementations.

Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, which defines a set of instructions to be executed in a certain order to get the desired output. Algorithms are generally created independent of underlying languages, i.e. an algorithm can be implemented in more than one programming language.

Data abstraction and encapsulation are synonymous as data abstraction is achieved through encapsulation. Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only functionalities. Abstracting something means to give names to things, so that the name captures the basic idea of what a function or a whole program does.

Overview. Encapsulation is one of the fundamentals of OOP (object-oriented programming). It refers to the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data. Encapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class, preventing unauthorized parties’ direct access to them.