A trough, in economic terms, can refer to a stage in the business cycle where activity is bottoming, or where prices are bottoming, before a rise. The business cycle is the upward and downward movement of gross domestic product (GDP) and consists of recessions and expansions that end in peaks and troughs.

noun A trough in which is placed food for animals, especially for swine. noun A long, narrow trough, about 18 inches wide, 4inches deep, and 1,500 feet long, placed between the rails of a railway-track and partly filled with water.

We can conveniently classify feeds into three main types: (1) roughages, (2) concentrates, and (3) mixed feeds. Roughages include pasture forages, hays, silages, and byproduct feeds that contain a high percentage of fiber.

There are five stages in a recession.

• job loss.
• falling production.
• falling demand (occurs twice)
• peak production.

But just as importantly, having a higher portion of income allocated to savings means that living expenses are lower–and consumers can adjust their budgets to spend a larger chunk of income on increased mortgage payments or better compensate if they lose their jobs.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in the real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.” A …

Therefore, when real national output rises, the economy is producing a larger amount of goods and services, which is known as economic growth. In the above example, the nominal GDP in 2015 was $60 and the nominal GDP in 2010 was $30.

The business cycle is caused by the forces of supply and demand—the movement of the gross domestic product GDP—the availability of capital, and expectations about the future. This cycle is generally separated into four distinct segments, expansion, peak, contraction, and trough.

When production is very high but demand is very low, it can lead to a “recession”. A recession is the point at which the economy decreases fundamentally for no less than a half year. That implies there’s a drop in the accompanying five financial markers: genuine GDP, pay, business, assembling, and retail deals.

A depression is a severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity. In economics, a depression is commonly defined as an extreme recession that lasts three or more years or which leads to a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of at least 10%. in a given year.

Causes of the business cycle

• Interest rates. Changes in the interest rate affect consumer spending and economic growth.
• Changes in house prices.
• Consumer and business confidence.
• Multiplier effect.
• Accelerator effect.
• Lending/finance cycle.
• Inventory cycle.
• Real business cycle theories.

Variables affecting the business cycle include marketing, finances, competition and time.

• Finances. Sales growth is usually slow during the introductory stage of the business cycle because the consumer market needs time to learn about and consider buying the product.
• Marketing.
• Competition.
• Time.