A nautical chart is one of the most fundamental tools available to the mariner. It is a map that depicts the configuration of the shoreline and seafloor. It provides water depths, locations of dangers to navigation, locations and characteristics of aids to navigation, anchorages, and other features.

This projection is widely used for navigation charts, because any straight line on a Mercator projection map is a line of constant true bearing that enables a navigator to plot a straight-line course.

This group of map projections can be classified into three types: Gnomonic projection, Stereographic projection and Orthographic projection. …

A nautical chart presents most of the information used by the marine navigator, including latitude and longitude scales, topographical features, navigation aids such as lighthouses and radio beacons, magnetic information, indications of reefs and shoals, water depth, and warning notices.

Thus, nautical charts are created in several scales. NOAA nautical chart scales range from 1:2,500 to 1:10 million. Charts are often categorized into the following six groups by scale (from largest to smallest scale), Berthing, Harbor, Approach, Coastal, General, and Sailing Charts.

According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.

A nautical chart represents hydrographic data, providing very detailed information on water depths, shoreline, tide predictions, obstructions to navigation such as rocks and shipwrecks, and navigational aids. A map, on the other hand, is a reference guide showing predetermined routes like roads and highways.

A map chart is used to show items on a background that is often, but not always, geographical. Maps can contain interactive shapes or display markers of different types on an image or map background. Below is an example of a map chart with a feature layer containing interactive shapes.

A choropleth map shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as countries or states, by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map.

A mapping shows how the elements are paired. Its like a flow chart for a function, showing the input and output values. A mapping diagram consists of two parallel columns. Lines or arrows are drawn from domain to range, to represent the relation between any two elements.

mapping used as a noun: The process of making maps. A function that maps every element of a given set to a unique element of another set; a correspondence.

Correct spelling for the English word “mapping” is [mˈapɪŋ], [mˈapɪŋ], [m_ˈa_p_ɪ_ŋ] (IPA phonetic alphabet).

A brief sleep, often during the day. intr.v. napped, nap·ping, naps. 1. To sleep for a brief period, often during the day; doze.

A mapping sentence is a formal statement of a research domain which includes the respondents, sub-categories of the research content along with the range over which observations will be made, in the structure of a sentence written in normal prose.

Mapping of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Progress Using Self Organizing Map (SOM) Abstract: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the most important aspect in a country. This research will use data mining method with clustering, using Self Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm.

A mapping statement states, in order, the x statements (x = the number of arguments you are using to support your thesis) you are including in the paper. Depending on the complexity of your paper, you may actually have several statements, one for each of the arguments that supports your thesis.

Mapping, any prescribed way of assigning to each object in one set a particular object in another (or the same) set. For example, “multiply by two” defines a mapping of the set of all whole numbers onto the set of even numbers.

Although it is possible to score as high as 265 or more on the reading test and 285 or more on the math test, 240 (reading) and 250 (math) are typical top scores.

The codomain of a function is the set of its possible outputs. In the function machine metaphor, the codomain is the set of objects that might possible come out of the machine.

One to one function or one to one mapping states that each element of one set, say Set (A) is mapped with a unique element of another set, say, Set (B), where A and B are two different sets. In terms of function, it is stated as if f(x) = f(y) implies x = y, then f is one to one.

In a one-to-one relationship, one record in a table is associated with one and only one record in another table. For example, in a school database, each student has only one student ID, and each student ID is assigned to only one person.

Define Hibernate Mapping File The one> element will be used to define the rule to establish a one-to-one relationship between EMPLOYEE and ADDRESS entities, but column attribute will be set to unique constraint and rest of the mapping file will remain as it was in case of many-to-one association.

A one-to-one function is a function of which the answers never repeat. For example, the function f(x) = x + 1 is a one-to-one function because it produces a different answer for every input.

The popular Mercator projection distorts the relative size of landmasses, exaggerating the size of land near the poles as compared to areas near the equator. This map shows that in reality, Brazil is almost as large as Canada, even though it appears to be much smaller on Mercator maps.

Description. Mercator is a conformal cylindrical map projection that was originally created to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel. An additional feature of this projection is that all local shapes are accurate and correctly defined at infinitesimal scale. It was presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569.

Although the linear scale is equal in all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects, the Mercator projection distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases from the equator to the poles, where the scale becomes infinite.

A projection obtained by wrapping a cylinder of paper around a transparent lighted globe. Advantages- The latitude and longitude appear as a grid which makes easy to locate positions with a ruler, it is very accurate at the equator. Disadvantages- Distances between regions and their areas are distorted at the poles.

It projects great circles as straight lines, regardless of the aspect. The projection is not conformal nor is it equal-area. This is a useful projection for navigation because great circles highlight routes with the shortest distance.

Because area and shape distortion are circular around the point of contact, planar projections accommodate circular regions better than rectangular regions. For this reason, they are used most often to map polar regions.

Gnomonic Charts are used in passage planning to plot great circle routes as straight lines and for devising composite rhumb line courses. Five charts cover the world at scales of between 1:17,500,000 and 1:32,000,000.

Description. The polyconic projection is also known as American polyconic or ordinary polyconic projection. The name translates into “many cones,” and it is created by lining up an infinite number of cones along the central meridian. Unlike other conic projections, the meridians are curved rather than straight.

The transverse Mercator projection, also known as the Gauss-Krüger projection, is similar to Mercator except that the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions.

Sometimes gno·mon·i·cal [noh-mon-i-kuhl] .

Lion’s share of offshore surveys is carried out in Universal Transverse Mercator projection (UTM). As opposed to TM, in UTM the cylinder is secant to the surface; it intersects the globe creating two standard meridians 180km away of the central meridian.

Here’s How:

1. UTM zones are all 6 degrees wide and increase from west to east starting at the -180 degree mark.
2. Calculate the eastern boundary of any UTM zone by multiplying the zone number by 6 and substract 180.
3. Subtract 6 degrees to obtain the western boundary.

Furthermore, since TM and UTM are used as map sheets in many countries, the conformal projections (TM, UTM) are compared with the equal-area projections.

Take your longitude coordinate in decimal degrees and add 180….So for example, the UTM zone number for 39° W would be found through these steps:

1. -39 + 180 = 141.
2. 141 / 6 = 23.5.
3. 5 rounds up to 24.

60 zones

UTM coordinates are easy to use and they work with almost all GPS devices. Also, UTM covers most of the world. The system uses meters as its base unit, which makes conversions and measurements easier. Unfortunately, it is difficult to use UTM if your area of interest covers more than one UTM zone.

WGS 84 / UTM zone 51N Area of use: Between 120°E and 126°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore.