The IODD unifies the device profile and the communication network profile in one data file. It contains the description of the device’s parameters, process data, diagnosis data and configuration of the user interface.

Somewhat unusual. Two heads is only one of four possible results in two throws. Heads again? There’s only a one in eight chance of three heads in three tosses.

When we toss two coins simultaneously then the possible of outcomes are: (two heads) or (one head and one tail) or (two tails) i.e., in short (H, H) or (H, T) or (T, T) respectively; where H is denoted for head and T is denoted for tail.

1) Consider the experiment of flipping of 4 coins. If we assume that each individual coin is equally likely to come up heads or tails, then each of the above 16 outcomes to 4 flips is equally likely. Each occurs a fraction one out of 16 times, or each has a probability of 1/16.

For 50 flips, your chances of heads all 50 times is 8.8817842^-16%. This gives you a roughly 1 in 100,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion) chance of flipping all heads.

No, IO-Link is system-constrained to preclude an intrinsically safe signal.

2006

Fieldbus is an industrial network system for real-time distributed control. It is a way to connect instruments in a manufacturing plant. Fieldbus works on a network structure which typically allows daisy-chain, star, ring, branch, and tree network topologies.

EtherCAT

Fieldbus is defined in IEC standard 61158-2 : 3000. Detailed implementation requirements beyond the standard are available from the Fieldbus Foundation, an industry consortium that promotes Fieldbus technology.

The basic difference is that Profibus utilises a hybrid media access technique using token bus and master slave protocols, whereas Foundation Fieldbus uses peer to peer communications where devices publish and subscribe to information. Profibus is made up of a family of protocols.

Modbus is often classified as a fieldbus protocol but with its various enhancements, particularly Modbus TCP, it has an even wider range of communication applications.

PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Peripherals) is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralised controller in production (factory) automation applications. PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process automation applications.

PROFINET is the world’s most advanced Industrial Ethernet solution. It is a communication protocol to exchange data between controllers and devices. It is a communication protocol to exchange data between controllers and devices. Controllers can be PLCs, DCSs, or PACs.

Now PROFINET does not use the IP address for real-time data; it just uses the physical address, the MAC address. This means it can skip TCP/IP for faster, more deterministic performance. To dig deeper, read our white paper “PROFINET for network geeks (and those who want to be).”