The geological conditions that would eventually create petroleum formed millions of years ago, when plants, algae, and plankton drifted in oceans and shallow seas. These organisms sank to the seafloor at the end of their life cycle.

sedimentary rocks

The oil and gas pool will rise to the top of the trap if the underlying water is stationary, and the resulting oil-water contact will be level. When the water is moving, however, the pool is displaced down the trap’s side in the direction of flow because of hydrodynamic pressure.

Oil and gas are formed from organic material mainly deposited as sediments on the seabed and then broken down and transformed over millions of years. One of the products of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter is kerogen, which at high temperature and pressure slowly generates oil and gas.

These 15 countries, as home to largest reserves, control the world’s oil

• United Arab Emirates.
• United States.
• Libya.
• Nigeria.
• Kazakhstan.
• China.
• Qatar.
• Brazil.

Countries

Venezuela

While our planet as a whole may never run out of water, it’s important to remember that clean freshwater is not always available where and when humans need it. In fact, half of the world’s freshwater can be found in only six countries. Also, every drop of water that we use continues through the water cycle.

About 45 percent of a typical barrel of crude oil is refined into gasoline. An additional 29 percent is refined to diesel fuel. The remaining oil is used to make plastics and other products (see image Products made from a barrel of crude oil, 2016).

While fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago, we’ve only been using them for fuel for a fairly short period of time – just over 200 years. If we keep burning fossil fuels at our current rate, it is generally estimated that all our fossil fuels will be depleted by 2060. …

Unless water use is drastically reduced, severe water shortage will affect the entire planet by 2040. “There will be no water by 2040 if we keep doing what we’re doing today”.

Silicon is one of the most abundant materials on the planet, so we almost certainly won’t run out of it before we run out of something else which is vital to computers. Silicon is a large percentage of the crust.

Our entire society is built on sand. Even the production of silicon chips uses sand. Yet, the world is facing a shortage — and climate scientists say it constitutes one of the greatest sustainability challenges of the 21st century.

Adding up the sand from all the beaches and deserts in the world, the Earth has approximately (and this is very rough estimate) 7.5 times 10 to power of 18 grains of sand, or in another words, seven quintillion, five hundred quadrillion grains.