Stimulation of several brain areas has been shown to induce similar changes in liver glucose metabolism as produced by direct stimulation of sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. These brain areas are either proposed or proven to be able to affect liver glucose metabolism via their effect on autonomic neuronal output.

Although liver connective tissue cells have been recognized as analogous to smooth muscle cells, they represent a defined cell population, present in fibrotic livers, with specific behavior and with particular relationship to the extracellular matrix.

The liver has a nervous system containing both afferent and efferent neurons that are involved in a number of processes.

The liver is innervated by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerve systems. These nerves are derived from the splanchnic and vagal nerves that surround the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

The hepatic branch of the vagus nerve is supplied mainly through the anterior trunk, which is an extension of the left vagus nerve under the diaphragm. Efferent vagus nerve signaling to the liver regulates hepatic metabolic function, such as the control of hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis) (29, 49–51).

Functional studies both in animals and man have shown that electrical or reflex activation of the hepatic and pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes an increased output of glucose from the liver as well as a stimulation of glucagon and an inhibition of insulin release from the pancreas.

The vagus nerves supply the lungs via a small nerve plexus anterior to the main bronchus and an extensive nerve plexus posterior to the main bronchus. Pulmonary splanchnic nerves reach the lung along the bronchial arteries.

The nervous system is like a network that relays messages back and forth from the brain to different parts of the body. These messages allow you to do things like walk, think, feel, be scared, and even breathe. The brain is the central computer that controls all the functions of your body.

It is a characteristic behaviour of living entities to respond to stimuli with the intervention of the Nervous System. It is an organ system ascribed to send signals from the spinal cord and the brain throughout the body and then back from all the body parts to the brain.

The nervous system is dividedinto two systems – the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord. The forebrain is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum and diencephalon.

Nervous system: specialized cells, tissues and organs that allow organisms to detect changes in the environment and respond to those changes. – the nervous system delivers electrochemical messages called impulses. – impulses are primarily electrical in nature.

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve cells. These cells have three principal parts: the dendrites, the cell body, and one axon.