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List of medical abbreviations: C

CA: 1. Short (and slang) for cancer and carcinoma. 2. Abbreviation for cardiac arrest; chronological age; coronary artery.

During the Civil War, C.C. stood for Calvary Corporal, and riding is the most common metaphor for sexual intercourse that shows up in the blues. Riding as a euphemism for sexual intercourse was common in English for centuries, according to Lexicon of Black English.

Every organization requires a chartered accountant. A CA is internationally recognised.” CA Zainab Kamal said, “Chartered accountancy is not only a respected and dignified profession, but also ensures a stable and lucrative career.

In coronary artery disease, major blood vessels that supply blood, oxygen and nutrients to the heart become damaged or diseased . This damage causes the vessels to become narrow, stiff or blocked. The process is often called hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis.

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

• confusion or memory loss.
• muscle spasms.
• numbness and tingling in the hands, feet, and face.
• depression.
• hallucinations.
• muscle cramps.
• weak and brittle nails.
• easy fracturing of the bones.

What are the symptoms of a high calcium level?

1. Loss of appetite.
2. Nausea and vomiting.
3. Constipation and abdominal (belly) pain.
4. The need to drink more fluids and urinate more.
5. Tiredness, weakness, or muscle pain.
6. Confusion, disorientation, and difficulty thinking.
7. Headaches.
8. Depression.

If your body doesn’t get enough calcium and vitamin D to support important functions, it takes calcium from your bones. This is called losing bone mass. Losing bone mass makes the inside of your bones become weak and porous. This puts you at risk for the bone disease osteoporosis .

A severe calcium deficiency can produce symptoms, such as numbness and tingling in the fingers, convulsions and abnormal heart rhythm. To ensure you’re getting enough calcium, consume the recommended amount. Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) are plentiful sources.

If your doctor suspects calcium deficiency, they’ll take a blood sample to check your blood calcium level. Your doctor will measure your total calcium level, your albumin level, and your ionized or “free” calcium level. Albumin is a protein that binds to calcium and transports it through the blood.

Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate are the optimal forms of supplement. Calcium carbonate should be taken with meals because it requires stomach acid to dissolve and absorb. Calcium carbonate has the most calcium per pill (40 percent), therefore fewer pills are needed.

Sources of calcium

• milk, cheese and other dairy foods.
• green leafy vegetables – such as curly kale, okra and spinach.
• soya drinks with added calcium.
• bread and anything made with fortified flour.
• fish where you eat the bones – such as sardines and pilchards.

A Guide to Calcium-Rich Foods

If you’re avoiding dairy, make a habit of incorporating some of these other calcium-rich foods in your diet:

1. Canned sardines.
2. Fortified soy, almond and rice milk.
3. Fortified orange juice.
4. Tofu made with calcium sulfate.
5. Canned pink salmon with bones.
6. Fortified cereals and English muffins.
7. Greens.
8. Beans.

Foods to limit or avoid

• High-salt foods. Excess salt consumption can cause your body to release calcium, which is harmful to your bones.
• Alcohol. While a moderate amount of alcohol is considered safe for those with osteoporosis, excess alcohol can lead to bone loss.
• Beans/legumes.
• Wheat bran.
• Excess vitamin A.
• Caffeine.