The Van Allen belt specifically refers to the radiation belts around the Earth. These belts are found in the inner part of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The main constituents of the belts are believed to come from solar wind and cosmic rays. The belt is divided into two belts – outer and inner.

In 1962, Van Allen – believing that protons of the inner belt could seriously threaten human spaceflight missions – suggested clearing them away by setting a nuclear bomb off near the outer belt. The particles would then have the extra energy to escape Earth’s magnetic field.

The Van Allen Probes data show that the inner edge of the outer belt is, in fact, highly pronounced. For the fastest, highest-energy electrons, this edge is a sharp boundary that, under normal circumstances, the electrons simply cannot penetrate.

This early schematic of the Van Allen Belts’ structure was created after the first American satellite discovered their existence in 1958. The outer belt is made up of billions of high-energy particles that originate from the Sun and become trapped in Earth’s magnetic field, an area known as the magnetosphere.

NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter can resolve objects about 1 meter across and can just make out the flag left by Apollo 17 astronauts. Through a pair of good binoculars, the smallest crater you can see on the Moon is 10 km (6 mi) across.

Images taken by a Nasa spacecraft show that the American flags planted in the Moon’s soil by Apollo astronauts are mostly still standing. Now, researchers have studied photos of the same areas taken at different points during the day and have observed shadows circling the points where the flags are thought to be.

Eugene Shoemaker

Fundamentally, it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access. NASA budget pressures caused by the chronically high NASA Space Shuttle program costs have eliminated NASA manned space flight beyond low earth orbit since Apollo, and severely curtailed use of unmanned probes.

six American flags

China has planted its flag on the Moon, more than 50 years after the US first planted the Stars and Stripes there. The pictures from China’s National Space Administration show the five-starred Red Flag holding still on the windless lunar surface.

All soft landings took place on the near side of the Moon until 3 January 2019, when the Chinese Chang’e 4 spacecraft made the first landing on the far side of the Moon….Early U.S. uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965)

three nations

Neil Armstrong

Twelve people

It is India’s first interplanetary mission and it made it the fourth space agency to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

The “Mission Mangalyaan”, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) was initially estimated to survive around six months, but it is still active and has captured the seasonal variations of the red planet for two Martian years. India was the first nation to reach Mars on a maiden attempt.

Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), the maiden interplanetary mission of ISRO, launched on November 5, 2013 by PSLV-C25 got inserted into Martian orbit on September 24, 2014 in its first attempt.

ISRO’s MOM: India beats China; becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars – The Economic Times.

Dennis Tito

On 14 November 2008, India made the Moon Impact Probe onboard Chandrayaan-1 orbiter crash into Shackleton crater and confirmed the presence of water ice.

India’s ambitious mission to land on the Moon failed. The Vikram lander, of the Chandrayaan 2 mission, crashed on the lunar surface on September 7, 2019, but it was only in December that scientists found it.

The lunar surface and interior, however, are virtually devoid of oxygen, so pristine metallic iron is prevalent on the Moon and highly oxidized iron has not been confirmed in samples returned from the Apollo missions.

Multiple geochemical studies have concluded that asteroids are most likely the primary source of Earth’s water. Carbonaceous chondrites–which are a subclass of the oldest meteorites in the Solar System–have isotopic levels most similar to ocean water.

A study suggests much of the water originated in rocks from which Earth is built. AUDIE CORNISH, HOST: Water is everywhere on Earth – the clouds, the rain, the oceans and rivers, even our own bodies.

0.3 percent

1) Switzerland Switzerland is repeatedly recognized as a country with the best quality tap water in the world. The country has strict water treatment standards and superior natural resources with an average rainfall per year of 60.5 inches. In fact, 80% of the drinking water comes from natural springs and groundwater.