The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein. A, C, G, and T are the “letters” of the DNA code; they stand for the chemicals adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T), respectively, that make up the nucleotide bases of DNA.

ACGT is an acronym for the four types of bases found in a DNA molecule: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

A gene is a sequence of nucleotides along a DNA strand – with ‘start’ and ‘stop’ codons and other regulatory elements – that specifies a sequence of amino acids that are linked together to form a protein.

C2′-endo is an S-type conformation (S for south) C3′-endo is an N-type conformation (N for north) 4. Nucleic acid sugar puckering History: Over 60 years ago, analysis of the diffraction pattern of DNA was consistent with a double helix conformation.

RNA consists of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine.

Genetic information is stored in the sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain. The bases have an additional special property: they form specific pairs with one another that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The base pairing results in the formation of a double helix, a helical structure consisting of two strands.

Genes come in different varieties, called alleles.

Genes carry biological information that must be copied accurately for transmission to the next generation each time a cell divides to form two daughter cells. DNA encodes information through the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides along each strand.

Genes are like blueprints that tell your body everything from your hair color to your inherited diseases.

In modern molecular biology labs, purified DNA polymerase is used routinely – to copy DNA by PCR (the polymerase chain reaction), for various recombinant DNA techniques, and to run sequencing reactions.

Genetic code, the sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. Though the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains the information for protein sequences, proteins are not made directly from DNA.

DNA carries all of the information for your physical characteristics, which are essentially determined by proteins. So, DNA contains the instructions for making a protein. In DNA, each protein is encoded by a gene (a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that specify how a single protein is to be made).

A with T: the purine adenine (A) always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine (T) C with G: the pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with the purine guanine (G)

Multiple translations in a translation memory. When creating a new translation memory, you can specify whether to allow only one or to allow multiple translations for identical segments. You can make your choice in the New translation memory dialog.

The 12 Main Types of Translation

• Literary Translation.
• Software Localization.
• Commercial Translation.
• Legal Translation.
• Technical Translation.
• Judicial Translation.
• Administrative Translation.
• Medical Translations.

Literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

1. Difficulties of literary translation

• (1) Translating without changing the original tones of the author.
• (2) Culturally-specific expression.
• (3) Play-on-words and tongue twisters.
• (4) Dialects and Slang.
• (1) Read the original book.
• (2) Translate and self-review the translation.
• (3) Edit the translated version.
• (4) Proofread.

The only way of overcoming language structure challenges is by having a genuine grasp of the grammatical differences of both languages. With such knowledge, you can alter and rearrange words and phrases to capture the intended meaning in the target language.

When writing for translation you need to make sure you say what you mean unambiguously, without leaving anything left unsaid or merely implied. Don’t waste your time trying to come up with clever ways to say things that will, most probably, be untranslatable.

10 tips to remember when writing for translation:

• Keep sentences brief.
• Use Standard English word order whenever possible.
• Avoid long noun strings.
• Use just one term to identify a single concept.
• Avoid humor.
• Be clear with international dates.
• Use relative pronouns like “that” and “which.”

Translation is necessary for the spread of information, knowledge, and ideas. It is absolutely necessary for effective and empathetic communication between different cultures. Translation is also the only medium through which people come to know different works that expand their knowledge.