The pharaoh was a political leader because he had total power over all of Egypt. He appointed bureaucrats, or government officials, to carry out his orders. This form of government was called a theocracy. The process of embalming was also know as mummification and Egyptians also embalmed animals.

The creation of a bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a key factor in the inception of the Egyptian civilization. The king was the supreme head of state. Next to him, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucracy.

The vizier (/vɪˈzɪər/ or /ˈvɪzɪər/) was the highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh (king) during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.

Provisional government

The politics of Egypt are based on republicanism, with a semi-presidential system of government. The current political system was established following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak.

All citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties without discrimination due to sex, ethnic origin, language, religion or creed. He may not be detained or imprisoned except in places defined by laws organizing prisons.

The list of the illegal drugs includes: Nicocodeine, Didrex Tablets, PROXEN, Mogadon, NITRAZEN, vaccine injections, KETAMINE INJ, Ergotamine, Dextromethorphan, Pulmolar, Co-Diovan, Kodinalin, Somanil, Phenobarbital, Nova Tablets that have an extended effect.

The ban will remain on items including rocket sprouts, sprouts of leguminous vegetables (fresh or chilled), soya bean sprouts, dried (shelled) leguminous vegetables, fenugreek seeds, soya beans and mustard seeds.

But Egypt, in common with many other countries, has strict rules on any drugs containing opioid analgesics, such as Tramadol and codeine.

Unmarried couples can share the same room as long as both have Western passports. A Western woman cannot share a room with an Egyptian, whatever the hotel. The only solution is taking two rooms, they won’t check who is sleeping where. The rules are very strict when Egyptians are involved.

Prohibited Items As shown in the website of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs the items that travellers are not allowed to carry at their arrival in or departure from Egypt include: Medical drugs that cannot be dispensed without a prescription such as Tramadol, Xanax, Librax and other medicines.

Tramadol has a risk for abuse and addiction, which can lead to overdose and death. Tramadol may also cause severe, possibly fatal, To lower your risk, your doctor should have you take the smallest dose of tramadol that works, and take it for the shortest possible time.

Conclusion: Long-term treatment with tramadol LP once daily is generally safe in patients with osteoarthritis or refractory low back pain.

The FDA classify tramadol as a schedule IV drug because of its potential for misuse and addiction. It belongs to the same schedule as Xanax, Soma, and Valium.

What are the strongest pain medications?

• Opioid analgesics, in general, are the strongest pain-relieving medications.
• Codeine is only about 1/10th as powerful as morphine.
• Opioids more powerful than morphine include hydromorphone (Dilaudid) and oxymorphone (Opana).

CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that tramadol/APAP tablets (37.5 mg/325 mg) are as effective as codeine/ APAP capsules (30 mg/300 mg) in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant low back pain and OA pain and are better tolerated.

Codeine is a painkiller. It’s used to treat pain, for example after an operation or an injury. It’s also used for long-standing pain when everyday painkillers, such as paracetamol, ibuprofen and aspirin have not worked. Codeine is also used to treat diarrhoea.

Tramadol is unlike most other opioids in that it must pass through the liver to be metabolized into its most potent form. At the same time, it releases another type of drug that acts as an antidepressant because it increases levels of serotonin in the brain, which elevates mood.

We concluded that metoclopramide, with low cost, fewer side-effects and being significantly effective for preventing post-operative pain, can be an alternative to tramadol.

Tramadol is widely prescribed for treating acute and chronic forms of pain. It is a weak mu-receptor opioid agonist and also increases concentrations of serotonin and noradrenaline within the limbic system of the brain. The therapeutic range of tramadol is relatively wide.

Side effects associated with use of Tramadol, include the following:

• constipation.
• nausea.
• dizziness.
• vertigo.
• headache.
• drowsiness.
• vomiting.
• agitation.

It has been demonstrated that tramadol can contribute to beneficial effects on immune functions in patients, namely, induce an improvement of postoperative immunosuppression and increase NK cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production (Sacerdote et al., 1997; 1999; 2000).