The only effective way to eliminate the heat safely is by ventilating the roof or other vertical openings which will relieve the heat buildup and allow us to enter.

Indications of a backdraft

• Black smoke becoming dense, greyish yellow without visible flames.
• A well-sealed building might indicate air confinement and excessive heat buildup.
• High concentrations of flammable carbon monoxide could be present as a result of incomplete combustion.
• Little or no visible flame.

A backdraft in a structure fire or forest fire is very dangerous because it occurs very quickly and exhausts entirely all the oxygen in the immediate vicinity leaving nothing for humans. The heat is very intense and burn very quickly and intensely and almost spontaneously due to temperature rise.

Characteristic warning signs of a backdraft include yellow or brown smoke, smoke which exits small holes in puffs (a sort of breathing effect) and is often found around the edges of doors and windows, and windows which appear brown or black when viewed from the exterior.

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Proper ventilation can prevent a flashover. Venting allows superheated air and fuel-loaded fire gases to escape the room or area. This can be done by horizontal or vertical ventilation. Reducing the heated ceiling layer reduces the thermal radiation feedback and the possibility of flashover.

An example of a mandatory sign is a “fire door keep shut” notice. Warning signs – These signs are required to make people aware of the presence of flammable materials. For example, a store cupboard that contains potentially dangerous liquids.

The signifier is the thing, item, or code that we ‘read’ – so, a drawing, a word, a photo. Each signifier has a signified, the idea or meaning being expressed by that signifier. Only together do they form a sign. A good example is the word ‘cool.

Symbolic (arbitrary) signs: signs where the relation between signifier and signified is purely conventional and culturally specific, e.g., most words. Iconic signs: signs where the signifier resembles the signified, e.g., a picture.

The wolf is often used as a representation of loyalty, guardianship, strength, independence and freedom.

A semiotic system, in conclusion, is necessarily made of at least three distinct entities: signs, meanings and code. Signs, meanings and codes, however, do not come into existence of their own.

Symbols are important because they facilitate communication and identification of ideas and other concepts based on what those symbols represent, though they can have literal as well as figurative meanings. Symbols can be used to signify individuals, groups of people, organizations or more ambiguous concepts.