Various factors, including genetic makeup, exposure to harmful substances, other environmental influences, and age, can affect expressivity.

These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called genes. Each gene stores the directions for making protein fragments, whole proteins, or multiple specific proteins.

The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.

The cell reads the DNA code in groups of three bases. Each triplet of bases, also called a codon, specifies which amino acid? will be added next during protein synthesis. There are 20 different amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

gene expression

Key points:

• Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes “on” or “off” by binding to nearby DNA.
• Transcription factors that are activators boost a gene’s transcription.
• Groups of transcription factor binding sites called enhancers and silencers can turn a gene on/off in specific parts of the body.

The process of gene expression involves two main stages: Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule….Translation involves four steps:

1. Initiation.
2. Elongation.
3. Termination.
4. Post-translation processing of the protein.

Transcription

​Gene Expression = Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule. The cell reads the sequence of the gene in groups of three bases.

Eukaryotic gene expression begins with control of access to the DNA. This form of regulation, called epigenetic regulation, occurs even before transcription is initiated.

Translation of an mRNA molecule by the ribosome occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

The correct order of stages of translation is initiation, elongation and termination. The first step is the aminoacylation or charging of tRNA. When two charged tRNAs are brought together close enough then the peptide bond formation takes place.

What are the Six Steps of Translation in Eukaryotes

• I. binding of mRNA to ribosome.
• (ii) Aminoacylation.
• (iii) Initiation.
• (iv) Elongation.
• Step I- Binding of incoming aminoacyl.
• (v) Termination.
• (vi) Post-translational modifications.

An in-depth look how polypeptides (proteins) are made. Initiation, elongation, and termination.

Stages of Translation in Protein Synthesis

1. Initiation: Ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA.
2. Elongation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule linking amino acids and forming a polypeptide chain.
3. Termination: The ribosome reaches a stop codon, which terminates protein synthesis and releases the ribosome.

The molecule of mRNA provides the code to synthesize a protein. In the process of translation, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Next, tRNA molecules shuttle the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, one-by-one, coded by sequential triplet codons on the mRNA, until the protein is fully synthesized.

Although the outcome of protein synthesis can be involved and quite complex, its purpose is rather straightforward. The purpose of protein synthesis is simply to create a polypeptide — a protein made out of a chain of amino acids. In a hair follicle cell, a protein called keratin is made.

Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women.